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Repro Final Exam > PHYS-Male Repro Physiology > Flashcards

PHYS-Male Repro Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How do testosterone levels fluctuate from the fetal period to puberty and old age?

A

theres a surge in the fetal period for sex differentiation

another neonatal surge because the cells are differentiating

final puberty surge that causes puberty and that gradually declines till you die

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2
Q

what happens at puberty to start the production of sex androgens?

A

there is a pulsatile secretion of GnRH resulting in a pulsatile secretion of FSH/LH that results in testosterone production

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3
Q

what happens if the secretion of GnRH is continuous rather than pulsatile?

A

the constant production of sex androgen inhibits the cycle via negative feedback decreasing LH/FSH and testosterone

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4
Q

what stimulates leydig cells? what is their function once stimulated?

A

LH stimulates –> leydig –> testosterone production from cholesterol

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5
Q

where do leydig cells get their cholesterol?

A

de novo or from circulation

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6
Q

what stimulates sertoli cells?

A

FSH –> sertoli cells –> spermatogenesis along with

several endocrine and exocrine and maintenance functions

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7
Q

what are the endocrine functions of sertoli cells?

A

secretes AMH, inhibin, and aromatase

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8
Q

what are the exocrine functions of sertoli cells?

A

aqueous fluid for sperms transport to the epididymis

produce androgen binding protein

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9
Q

what is the function of androgen binding protein?

A

binds and concentrates testosterone in the sertoli cells

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10
Q

what are the supportive functions of the sertoli cells?

A

prodvide nutrients for sperm and form tight junction to prevent autoimmunity

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11
Q

what are the steps of spermatogenesis starting with a spermatogonia?

A

spermatogonia –> mitosis –> primary spermatocyte –> meiosis I –> secondary spermatocyte –> meiosis II –> spermatids –> nuclear and cytoplasmic changes –> spermatogonia (mature sperm(

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12
Q

what are the parts of sperm? what does each part do?

A

head-contains nucleus and acrosome

tail-motility

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13
Q

what is the function of the acrosome?

A

contains hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes to breakdown the outer layer of egg

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14
Q

what does the tail contain to make it motile?

A

axoneme, mitochondria, dynein ATPase

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15
Q

what is the ideal sperm environment? life span?

A

alkalina, lower than body temp, 1-2 months

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16
Q

what is the pathway of sperm from creation through ejaculation?

A

seminiferous tubule –> epididymis –> vas deferens –> ejaculatory duct –> nothing (hangs out for awhile –> urethra –> penis

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17
Q

what is the function of the epididymis?

A

store sperm, educate them on motility, mature sperm

“decapitation” to prevent premature acrosome activation

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18
Q

what is the function of the vas deferens?

A

sperm storage in ampulla till sex

secretes fructose and citrate to nourish sperm

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19
Q

what is the function of the seminal vesicle?

A

to secrete the fluid part of semen composed of fructose, prostaglandins, and citrate important for fertilization

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20
Q

what is the function of the ejaculatory duct?

A

empty sperm into prostatic urethra and stores it until ejaculation

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21
Q

what is the function of the prostate?

A

secrete an alkaline fluid

helps promote motility and neutralizes acid to help with fertilization

22
Q

what is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

A

secrete clear fluid to lubricate urethra

23
Q

what is the main component of sperm? what else is there?

A

fluid from seminal vesicle 60% (SEMINal vesicle makes semen)

alkaline prostate fluid 30%
10% sperm
some bulbourethral gland fluid

24
Q

what are the two negative feedback loops in the HPT axis?

A

testosterone from leydig inhibiting GnRH and FSH/LH release

inhibin from sertoli inhibiting GnRH and FSH/LH

25
Q

what hormones are required for spermatogenesis?

A 
testosterone (via LH)
FSH
GH
estrogens
DHT plays a little role i think
26
Q

what is the potency order of male androgens?

A

DHT>testosterone>androstenedione

27
Q

LH kicks off testosterone production by upregulating what enzyme where?

A

cholesterol desmolase in the leydig cells

28
Q

what converts testosterone to DHT in target tissues?

A

5a reductase

29
Q

what is the function of GnRH

A

release FSH/LH from anterior pituitary

30
Q

what is the function of LH?

A

LH –> leydig –> testosterone

31
Q

what is the function of FSH?

A

FSH –> sertoli –> spermatogenesis

32
Q

what is the function of testosterone early on?

A

development of internal male genitalia

descent of testes

33
Q

what is the function of testosterone during puberty?

A

secondary sex characteristics

acts on sertoli cells to assist with spermatogenesis

34
Q

what are the secondary sex characteristics brought on by testosterone?

A 
growth
closure of epiphyseal plates
muscle growth
deepening of voice
pubic/armpit hair
libido
penis growth
increased BMR
increased RBCs
35
Q

what is the function of DHT early on?

A

development of male external genitalia

36
Q

what is the function of DHT during puberty and beyond?

A

sebaceous gland, prostate growth, male pattern baldness

37
Q

a male comes in with c/o baldness and dysuria due to an enlarged prostate. what should you give em?

A

a 5a reductase inhibitor (finasteride)

38
Q

what is the function of inhibin

A

produced by sertoli cells to inhibit FSH/LH/GnRH

39
Q

what is the function of AMH

A

regression of mullarian duct during development

40
Q

what is the function of estradiol?

A

bone maturation, growth, breasts, role in spermatogenesis

41
Q

what nervous system and nerve are responsible for erection?

A

parasympathetic via pelvic splanchnic nerves –> inferior hypogastric plexus –> prostate subplexus nerves

42
Q

what substances are released and how do these cause an erection?

A

ACh, NO, VIP –> increase cGMP –> smooth muscle relaxation –> vasodilation in helicine arteries –> engorgement cuts off venous return –> boner

43
Q

what nervous system/nerves are involved in emission?

A

sympathetic via pudendal nerve

44
Q

what is emission?

A

movement of semen towards internal urethra via smooth muscle contractions

45
Q

what nervous system is involved in ejaculation?

A

sympathetic via pudendal nerve

46
Q

what occurs during the process of ejaculation?

A

rythmic contractions of bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles increases pressure forcing semen out

47
Q

what causes erectile dysfunction? how would you treat this?

A

HTN, DM, atherosclerosis
a phosphodiesterase inhibitor –> increases cGMP

normally phosphodiesterase breaks down cGMP

48
Q

what is a cause of primary hypogonadism?

where is the problem arising?

what are testosterone, FSH, LH, and estrogen levels?

what are symptoms?

A

Klinefelter syndrome XXY

the testes are inadequate at producing testosterone

low testosterone, high FSH/LH, high estrogen

woman features, boobs, fat around hips, reduced hair
seminiferous tubule dysgenesis

49
Q

what is a cause of secondary hypogonadism?

where is the problem arising?

what are testosterone, FSH, LH, GnRH levels?

what are symptoms?

A

nonfunctioning pituitary tumor

anterior pituitary

low, low, low, high

bitemporal hemianopia (loss of vision in lateral fields), HA

50
Q

what is a cause of secondary (but actually tertiary based off endocrine) hypogonadism?

where is the problem arising?

what are testosterone, FSH, LH, GnRH levels?

what are symptoms?

A

GnHR neurons fail to migrate to hypothalamus during development

hypothalamus

low low low low

delayed/absent puberty, infertility

51
Q

what causes enlarged prostate? sx? treatment?

A

DTH and age
urinary issues
5a reductase inhibitor inhibits testosterone –> DHT

Repro Final Exam (7 decks)

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