Things I am Missing Flashcards
What is the equation for the force of an electric field on a charged particle?
Force Electric Field = E x q
What is the equation for the wavelength of a light ray or sound wave given its frequency?
Wavelength = V/f
Where:
V = speed of light or sound
f = given frequency
What happens to light as it exits a diverging lens?
It diverges in different directions
What is the equation for the energy stored on a capacitor?
E = 1/2 CV^2
How does the frequency of sound compare to light?
It is much lower
Visible light travels more slowly through an optically dense medium than through a vacuum. A possible explanation for this could be that the light…
Is absorbed by the atomic structure of the medium and re-emitted
Can prokaryotes have cell walls?
Yes
Can prokaryotes undergo sexual reproduction?
Yes
Do prokaryotes have mitochondria?
No
Where is bile produced?
Liver
How many molecules of ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?
2
What are the 3 main types of bacterial gene exchange and what happens in each stage? (Mnemonic)
- Conjugation- similar to sexual reproduction, one bacteria extends a pilus and transfers genetic information
- Transduction- is the transfer of genetic information into the bacterial genome or plasmid via a bacteriophage
- Transformation- is the process by which a bacteria absorbs genetic information from the environment
What is a gene?
A sequence of DNA that encodes for something
What cell in the human body undergoes uneven division?
Oocytes (to produce one large egg)
What are the subunits for a human ribosome?
40s and 60s
What is the thin lens equation?
1/f = 1/o + 1/i = 2/r Where: f = focal length o = object distance i = image distance r = radius of curvature
What is the magnification equation?
m = -i/o
A negative value means the image is inverted
Are real images inverted or upright? What is the mnemonic to remember this?
Inverted Mnemonic: UV NO IR Upright = virtual No = no image formed when object is focal length away Inverted = real
What hormone released in females causes the onset of ovulation?
Luteinizing Hormone
What is the name for air that comes into the lungs during a normal breath but is not used for gas exchange?
Non-Alveolar Respiratory Volume
Which type of acid conducts electricity better in aqueous solution?
Strong Acids
If the source or observer in a doppler setup (such as in ultrasound imaging) is not moving how is the equation changed?
This variable (Vo or Vs) is removed from the equation
From what cell layer during gastrulation does the mouth arise from?
The mouth is an invagination of the ectoderm
What cellular fibers are predominantly made of actin?
Microfilaments
What cellular fibers are predominantly made of tubulin?
Microtubules
How many electrons does cytochrome c carry?
1 e-
How can entropic penalty be decreased in proteins?
By changing the surface amino acids into more polar or hydrophilic amino acids
When the temperature of a solution increases and is cold to the touch, what is the sign of the enthalpy?
The reaction is endothermic as it is absorbing heat from its surroundings and thus the solution is gaining enthalpy and so the change in enthalpy is positive
At which electrode does electroplating occur in both a galvanic and electrolytic cell?
It occurs at the cathode in both
At what pH will a strong acid and weak base reach their equivalence point?
An acidic pH
What does a low Ksp mean?
It means that very little of the compound will dissolve into a solution
What type of enzymes does the pancreas produce?
Proteolytic Enzymes
What equation relates electric field strength to voltage and distance?
E = V/d
What is the structure of hydroquinone and benzoquinone respectively?
Hydroquinone- a benzene ring with two -OH groups opposite each other
Benzoquinone- a benzene ring with two ketone groups opposite each other
What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?
Water is added to break bonds
What is the work function of an electron?
The work required to remove it from a metal in the photoelectric effect
How do you get an acid in the aqueous layer during an extraction?
Deprotonate it to make it hydrophillic
What does kcat mean?
The number of reactions an enzyme can catalyze per second
= Vmax / [E]
Amino acids with what functional group are commonly phosphyorylated?
-OH groups
When sugars differ from each other at only one chiral center what are they called?
epimers
To identify a point mutation on a southern blot, what must the mutation cause?
It must create or delete a palindromic sequence
What type of virus is HIV?
A RNA retrovirus
What is the average weight of one amino acid?
110 Daltons
What does a positive enthalpy mean?
It means that the system is endothermic
What does a negative entropy mean?
It means that the system become more ordered
What types of substances are included in an equilibrium constant expression?
Non-solids and solvents
What is the equation to use when estimating the concentrations of products given an equilibrium constant?
[products]^2 = M x Keq
Where:
M = molarity of solution
Keq = any equilibrium constant
What type of enzyme inhibitor is able to bind to the enzyme either before or after the substrate binds?
A mixed inhibitor
What is the axon hillock?
The location on a neuron right after the soma where the graded potentials from the dendrites summate into an action potential
When amino acids are phosphorylated, to what atom does the phosphate group become attached to?
The phosphate replaces the Hydrogen in the -OH R groups
Where do fatty acid synthesis and oxidation take place respectivelly?
Synthesis- cytoplasm
Oxidation- mitochondria
What do the carboxylase class of enzymes add to substrates?
A carboxyl group
What does Henry’s law state about gases?
The solubility of a gas in a solution is equal to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution times a constant
When using an exogenous invader to create a vaccine to prevent further infection, what aspects of the invader should you avoid having in your vaccine?
The parts of the invader with immunogenicity and toxicity
What is the sedimentation coefficient (size) of the small, large, and total prokaryotic ribosomes?
Small- 30s
Large- 50s
Total- 70s
357
What is the sedimentation coefficient (size) of the small, large, and total eukaryotic ribosomes?
Small- 40s
Large- 60s
Total- 80s
What biochemical lab technique allows researchers to measure the mRNA of a specific protein?
RT-PCR
What is an amber codon?
A stop codon
What is a signal sequence domain?
A region in a protein that directs its secretory pathways
What is dimerization?
When two identical molecules come together and form one molecule
Can southern blotting be used to measure gene expression levels?
No; it measures DNA
What are the respective weights of the subunits in a 100kDa protein that consists of two homodimers
50kDA
When experiments are performed on enzymes that display traditional Michaelis–Menten kinetics, what shape does the graph of V0 versus substrate concentration [S] have?
Hyperbolic
How do uncompetitive inhibitors effect Km and Vmax?
Decreases Km and Vmax
What type of chromatography does histidine tagging and nickel chromatography fall under?
Affinity
What interactions within proteins does SDS-PAGE change?
All interactions besides covalent bonds. Thus dimers and trimers are broken up unless they are held by cys-cys bonds
What charge amino acids does anion exchange chromatography attract?
Negatively charged amino acids
What charge amino acids does cation exchange chromatography attract?
Positively charged amino acids
If a protein and its variant have the same location on a denaturing gel but different on a native gel, what is likely the effect of the variant on protein structure?
The variant is more compact
At what point in a reaction is it best to measure the Michalis Menten kinetics?
Before the reaction reaches equilibrium
What property of a wave is unchanged as it passes through a medium?
Frequency
How is primary active transport different from secondary active transport?
Primary always uses ATP to power transport
How are allosteric inhibitors unique?
They bind the enzyme in an area besides the active site
What signals can restriction enzymes detect?
Palindromic (CCCGGG)
What are the strong acids?
- HCl
- HBr
- HI
- H2SO4
- HClO4
- HNO3
A reaction that increase in entropy has what sign for delta S?
Positive
What ion does aldosterone increase the excretion of?
K+
What is Myopia and what type of lens is needed to correct it?
Nearsightedness; light is focused in front of the retina
This is corrected with a diverging lens in front of the eye
What is terminal voltage?
The voltage provided to the external circuit components. Thus it is the voltage actually felt by the circuit
A glass fiber carries a light digital signal long distances with a minimum loss of amplitude. What optical property of glass allows this phenomenon?
Reflection (Total Internal Reflection)
What does a positive hydropathy index mean?
That the particular region of protein is hydrophobic
What does a negative hydropathy index mean?
That the particular region of protein is hydrophillic
How many NADH and ATP does each round of glycolysis produce for one glucose?
2 NADH and 2 ATP
In a G-Protein coupled receptor, what process causes activation?
GTP binding to the alpha subunit
How is apoptosis different from necrosis?
Necrosis causes damage to nearby cells by not safely lysing
What is the equation for the specific gravity of something?
Density Object / Density Referance
Suppose a certain far-sighted person can see objects clearly no closer than 300 cm away. What is the minimum distance from a plane mirror such a person must be to see his reflection clearly?
150 cm
Because plane mirrors will always produce virtual images
What is the difference between social support and social capital?
Partly related to social support, social capital emphasizes the tangible resources provided by network members (whereas social support tends to focus on emotional resources).
Which enzymatic kinetic parameter is NOT affected by the presence of an uncompetitive inhibitor?
Km / Vmax
What is the slope of a lineweaver-burk plot equal to?
Km / Vmax
What is specific activity of an enzyme?
the activity is a measure of the amount of enzyme per milligram of total protein. This provides a measure of the purity of an enzymatic mixture
What does a higher pKa mean for base strength?
As pKa increases so does base strength
What kind of amino acid would have the highest isoelectric focusing point?
Basic Amino Acids
What is kcat for an enzyme?
The turnover rate (the number of substrate that the enzyme converts to product per unit time)
What is catalytic efficiency?
kcat / Km
For an atom to be considered a nucleophile it must have what?
A lone pair of electrons to give
A student plans to add HCl to a solution containing Pb(NO3)2(aq). To determine how much Pb2+ will precipitate from solution when the HCl is added, the student needs to know what?
the Ksp for PbCl2
When a weak acid (HA) is titrated with sodium hydroxide in the presence of an indicator (HIn), the pH at which a color change is observed depends on the:
pKa of the indicator
- the indicator will change colors when it changes to I- thus its dissociation constant matters
How are an alpha and beta D pyranose different?
They differ at their anomeric carbon (the one bonded to the O
What is the only way to increase the rate of reaction that occurs in an electrolytic cell?
Increase the current applied to the nonspontaneous reaction
What is a work function?
The minimum energy required by a metal to eject an electron from that metal
What is the general structure of a triglyceride?
A 3 carbon molecule with three fatty acids attached as well as an -OH group on the middle carbon
What is the half life of a radioactive substance?
The time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei
What are the names for the 3 phosphates on ATP?
Furthest out- gamma
Furthest in- alpha
The Lewis acid–base interaction between a metal cation and an electron pair donor is known as a what?
coordinate covalent bond
Is focal length negative or positive for both diverging and converging lens?
Diverging- negative
Converging- positive
Is the image real or virtual for both diverging and converging lens?
Diverging- virtual (and reduced in size)
Converging- real (and enlarged in size)
What occurs during the process of ubiquitination?
Ubiquitination targets a protein for degradation by a proteasome
