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MCAT > Things I am Missing > Flashcards

Things I am Missing Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What is the equation for the force of an electric field on a charged particle?

A

Force Electric Field = E x q

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2
Q

What is the equation for the wavelength of a light ray or sound wave given its frequency?

A

Wavelength = V/f
Where:
V = speed of light or sound
f = given frequency

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3
Q

What happens to light as it exits a diverging lens?

A

It diverges in different directions

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4
Q

What is the equation for the energy stored on a capacitor?

A

E = 1/2 CV^2

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5
Q

How does the frequency of sound compare to light?

A

It is much lower

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6
Q

Visible light travels more slowly through an optically dense medium than through a vacuum. A possible explanation for this could be that the light…

A

Is absorbed by the atomic structure of the medium and re-emitted

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7
Q

Can prokaryotes have cell walls?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Can prokaryotes undergo sexual reproduction?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Do prokaryotes have mitochondria?

A

No

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10
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

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11
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

A

2

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12
Q

What are the 3 main types of bacterial gene exchange and what happens in each stage? (Mnemonic)

A
  1. Conjugation- similar to sexual reproduction, one bacteria extends a pilus and transfers genetic information
  2. Transduction- is the transfer of genetic information into the bacterial genome or plasmid via a bacteriophage
  3. Transformation- is the process by which a bacteria absorbs genetic information from the environment
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13
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of DNA that encodes for something

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14
Q

What cell in the human body undergoes uneven division?

A

Oocytes (to produce one large egg)

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15
Q

What are the subunits for a human ribosome?

A

40s and 60s

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16
Q

What is the thin lens equation?

A 
1/f = 1/o + 1/i = 2/r
Where:
f = focal length 
o = object distance
i = image distance
r = radius of curvature
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17
Q

What is the magnification equation?

A

m = -i/o

A negative value means the image is inverted

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18
Q

Are real images inverted or upright? What is the mnemonic to remember this?

A 
Inverted
Mnemonic:
UV NO IR
Upright = virtual
No = no image formed when object is focal length away
Inverted = real
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19
Q

What hormone released in females causes the onset of ovulation?

A

Luteinizing Hormone

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20
Q

What is the name for air that comes into the lungs during a normal breath but is not used for gas exchange?

A

Non-Alveolar Respiratory Volume

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21
Q

Which type of acid conducts electricity better in aqueous solution?

A

Strong Acids

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22
Q

If the source or observer in a doppler setup (such as in ultrasound imaging) is not moving how is the equation changed?

A

This variable (Vo or Vs) is removed from the equation

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23
Q

From what cell layer during gastrulation does the mouth arise from?

A

The mouth is an invagination of the ectoderm

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24
Q

What cellular fibers are predominantly made of actin?

A

Microfilaments

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25
Q

What cellular fibers are predominantly made of tubulin?

A

Microtubules

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26
Q

How many electrons does cytochrome c carry?

A

1 e-

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27
Q

How can entropic penalty be decreased in proteins?

A

By changing the surface amino acids into more polar or hydrophilic amino acids

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28
Q

When the temperature of a solution increases and is cold to the touch, what is the sign of the enthalpy?

A

The reaction is endothermic as it is absorbing heat from its surroundings and thus the solution is gaining enthalpy and so the change in enthalpy is positive

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29
Q

At which electrode does electroplating occur in both a galvanic and electrolytic cell?

A

It occurs at the cathode in both

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30
Q

At what pH will a strong acid and weak base reach their equivalence point?

A

An acidic pH

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31
Q

What does a low Ksp mean?

A

It means that very little of the compound will dissolve into a solution

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32
Q

What type of enzymes does the pancreas produce?

A

Proteolytic Enzymes

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33
Q

What equation relates electric field strength to voltage and distance?

A

E = V/d

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34
Q

What is the structure of hydroquinone and benzoquinone respectively?

A

Hydroquinone- a benzene ring with two -OH groups opposite each other

Benzoquinone- a benzene ring with two ketone groups opposite each other

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35
Q

What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Water is added to break bonds

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36
Q

What is the work function of an electron?

A

The work required to remove it from a metal in the photoelectric effect

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37
Q

How do you get an acid in the aqueous layer during an extraction?

A

Deprotonate it to make it hydrophillic

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38
Q

What does kcat mean?

A

The number of reactions an enzyme can catalyze per second

= Vmax / [E]

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39
Q

Amino acids with what functional group are commonly phosphyorylated?

A

-OH groups

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40
Q

When sugars differ from each other at only one chiral center what are they called?

A

epimers

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41
Q

To identify a point mutation on a southern blot, what must the mutation cause?

A

It must create or delete a palindromic sequence

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42
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

A RNA retrovirus

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43
Q

What is the average weight of one amino acid?

A

110 Daltons

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44
Q

What does a positive enthalpy mean?

A

It means that the system is endothermic

45
Q

What does a negative entropy mean?

A

It means that the system become more ordered

46
Q

What types of substances are included in an equilibrium constant expression?

A

Non-solids and solvents

47
Q

What is the equation to use when estimating the concentrations of products given an equilibrium constant?

A

[products]^2 = M x Keq
Where:
M = molarity of solution
Keq = any equilibrium constant

48
Q

What type of enzyme inhibitor is able to bind to the enzyme either before or after the substrate binds?

A

A mixed inhibitor

49
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

The location on a neuron right after the soma where the graded potentials from the dendrites summate into an action potential

50
Q

When amino acids are phosphorylated, to what atom does the phosphate group become attached to?

A

The phosphate replaces the Hydrogen in the -OH R groups

51
Q

Where do fatty acid synthesis and oxidation take place respectivelly?

A

Synthesis- cytoplasm

Oxidation- mitochondria

52
Q

What do the carboxylase class of enzymes add to substrates?

A

A carboxyl group

53
Q

What does Henry’s law state about gases?

A

The solubility of a gas in a solution is equal to the partial pressure of that gas over the solution times a constant

54
Q

When using an exogenous invader to create a vaccine to prevent further infection, what aspects of the invader should you avoid having in your vaccine?

A

The parts of the invader with immunogenicity and toxicity

55
Q

What is the sedimentation coefficient (size) of the small, large, and total prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

Small- 30s
Large- 50s
Total- 70s

357

56
Q

What is the sedimentation coefficient (size) of the small, large, and total eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

Small- 40s
Large- 60s
Total- 80s

57
Q

What biochemical lab technique allows researchers to measure the mRNA of a specific protein?

A

RT-PCR

58
Q

What is an amber codon?

A

A stop codon

59
Q

What is a signal sequence domain?

A

A region in a protein that directs its secretory pathways

60
Q

What is dimerization?

A

When two identical molecules come together and form one molecule

61
Q

Can southern blotting be used to measure gene expression levels?

A

No; it measures DNA

62
Q

What are the respective weights of the subunits in a 100kDa protein that consists of two homodimers

A

50kDA

63
Q

When experiments are performed on enzymes that display traditional Michaelis–Menten kinetics, what shape does the graph of V0 versus substrate concentration [S] have?

A

Hyperbolic

64
Q

How do uncompetitive inhibitors effect Km and Vmax?

A

Decreases Km and Vmax

65
Q

What type of chromatography does histidine tagging and nickel chromatography fall under?

A

Affinity

66
Q

What interactions within proteins does SDS-PAGE change?

A

All interactions besides covalent bonds. Thus dimers and trimers are broken up unless they are held by cys-cys bonds

67
Q

What charge amino acids does anion exchange chromatography attract?

A

Negatively charged amino acids

68
Q

What charge amino acids does cation exchange chromatography attract?

A

Positively charged amino acids

69
Q

If a protein and its variant have the same location on a denaturing gel but different on a native gel, what is likely the effect of the variant on protein structure?

A

The variant is more compact

70
Q

At what point in a reaction is it best to measure the Michalis Menten kinetics?

A

Before the reaction reaches equilibrium

71
Q

What property of a wave is unchanged as it passes through a medium?

A

Frequency

72
Q

How is primary active transport different from secondary active transport?

A

Primary always uses ATP to power transport

73
Q

How are allosteric inhibitors unique?

A

They bind the enzyme in an area besides the active site

74
Q

What signals can restriction enzymes detect?

A

Palindromic (CCCGGG)

75
Q

What are the strong acids?

A
  1. HCl
  2. HBr
  3. HI
  4. H2SO4
  5. HClO4
  6. HNO3
76
Q

A reaction that increase in entropy has what sign for delta S?

A

Positive

77
Q

What ion does aldosterone increase the excretion of?

A

K+

78
Q

What is Myopia and what type of lens is needed to correct it?

A

Nearsightedness; light is focused in front of the retina

This is corrected with a diverging lens in front of the eye

79
Q

What is terminal voltage?

A

The voltage provided to the external circuit components. Thus it is the voltage actually felt by the circuit

80
Q

A glass fiber carries a light digital signal long distances with a minimum loss of amplitude. What optical property of glass allows this phenomenon?

A

Reflection (Total Internal Reflection)

81
Q

What does a positive hydropathy index mean?

A

That the particular region of protein is hydrophobic

82
Q

What does a negative hydropathy index mean?

A

That the particular region of protein is hydrophillic

83
Q

How many NADH and ATP does each round of glycolysis produce for one glucose?

A

2 NADH and 2 ATP

84
Q

In a G-Protein coupled receptor, what process causes activation?

A

GTP binding to the alpha subunit

85
Q

How is apoptosis different from necrosis?

A

Necrosis causes damage to nearby cells by not safely lysing

86
Q

What is the equation for the specific gravity of something?

A

Density Object / Density Referance

87
Q

Suppose a certain far-sighted person can see objects clearly no closer than 300 cm away. What is the minimum distance from a plane mirror such a person must be to see his reflection clearly?

A

150 cm

Because plane mirrors will always produce virtual images

88
Q

What is the difference between social support and social capital?

A

Partly related to social support, social capital emphasizes the tangible resources provided by network members (whereas social support tends to focus on emotional resources).

89
Q

Which enzymatic kinetic parameter is NOT affected by the presence of an uncompetitive inhibitor?

A

Km / Vmax

90
Q

What is the slope of a lineweaver-burk plot equal to?

A

Km / Vmax

91
Q

What is specific activity of an enzyme?

A

the activity is a measure of the amount of enzyme per milligram of total protein. This provides a measure of the purity of an enzymatic mixture

92
Q

What does a higher pKa mean for base strength?

A

As pKa increases so does base strength

93
Q

What kind of amino acid would have the highest isoelectric focusing point?

A

Basic Amino Acids

94
Q

What is kcat for an enzyme?

A

The turnover rate (the number of substrate that the enzyme converts to product per unit time)

95
Q

What is catalytic efficiency?

A

kcat / Km

96
Q

For an atom to be considered a nucleophile it must have what?

A

A lone pair of electrons to give

97
Q

A student plans to add HCl to a solution containing Pb(NO3)2(aq). To determine how much Pb2+ will precipitate from solution when the HCl is added, the student needs to know what?

A

the Ksp for PbCl2

98
Q

When a weak acid (HA) is titrated with sodium hydroxide in the presence of an indicator (HIn), the pH at which a color change is observed depends on the:

A

pKa of the indicator

  • the indicator will change colors when it changes to I- thus its dissociation constant matters
99
Q

How are an alpha and beta D pyranose different?

A

They differ at their anomeric carbon (the one bonded to the O

100
Q

What is the only way to increase the rate of reaction that occurs in an electrolytic cell?

A

Increase the current applied to the nonspontaneous reaction

101
Q

What is a work function?

A

The minimum energy required by a metal to eject an electron from that metal

102
Q

What is the general structure of a triglyceride?

A

A 3 carbon molecule with three fatty acids attached as well as an -OH group on the middle carbon

103
Q

What is the half life of a radioactive substance?

A

The time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei

104
Q

What are the names for the 3 phosphates on ATP?

A

Furthest out- gamma

Furthest in- alpha

105
Q

The Lewis acid–base interaction between a metal cation and an electron pair donor is known as a what?

A

coordinate covalent bond

106
Q

Is focal length negative or positive for both diverging and converging lens?

A

Diverging- negative

Converging- positive

107
Q

Is the image real or virtual for both diverging and converging lens?

A

Diverging- virtual (and reduced in size)

Converging- real (and enlarged in size)

108
Q

What occurs during the process of ubiquitination?

A

Ubiquitination targets a protein for degradation by a proteasome

MCAT (8 decks)

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