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Anatomy Test Block IV > Thigh and Knee > Flashcards

Thigh and Knee Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference b/w bone marrow in children and adults?

A

in children it is hematogenous and in adults it coverts to yellow fat (except for times of stress) in the long bones. adult flat bones are heatogenous

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2
Q

What is a risk of femur fracture?

A

fat embolism that could turn into PE; could present at SOB after fx and could die

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3
Q

What congenital defect would allow the embolus to reach the brain?

A

ASD

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4
Q

The articulation of the femur is with what?

A

only w/ tibia

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5
Q

the head of the fibula articulates w/ what?

A

tibia

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6
Q

the patella arciulates with what?

A

only with femur

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7
Q

Where is the adductor tubercle of the femur located?

A

on the medial epicondyle

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8
Q

How are compartment s of the thigh formed and what issue can arise from it?

A

the septum becomes continuous w/ deep fascia of the muscle so can’t expand. compartment syndrome from bruise or bleed would present as cold toes/parasthesias

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9
Q

where is the femoral a located?

A

1/2 way from the ASIS to pubic tubercle

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10
Q

what all is located w/i the femoral triangle?

A

femoral VAN and lymphatics

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11
Q

saphenous hiatus

A

a hole in the fascia lata that allows the great saphenous to go through and drain into femoral v.

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12
Q

What is the order of the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

most lateral: femoral n. then a. v and lymph

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13
Q

When does the femoral n. branch into separate nerves?

A

when it dives under the inguinal ligament

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14
Q

femoral sheath

A

a continuation of transversalis fascia below the inguinal ligament that contains 3 comparaments

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15
Q

What are the contents of the femoral sheath?

A

femoral a femoral v and lymphatics (femoral canal)

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16
Q

what is clinically significant about the medial lymph compartment in the femoral sheath?

A

can hernaiate bowel or fat into the canal (mainly in women). will present as buldge below the inguinal ligament (femoral hernia)

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17
Q

what is a risk in femoral hernias?

A

the space is so small and located under the hernia that it can become strangulated/trapped which is a medical emergency

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18
Q

Where are the inguinal lymph nodes located?

A

over and all around the saphenous hiatus. will drain into deep channel to get back to vessels in pelvis

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19
Q

if there are swollen nodes in the inguinal area around the saphenous hiatus, what should you check?

A

the toes

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20
Q

Of the quad muscles, which is the only one to cross the hip joint?

A

rectus femorus

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21
Q

function of quads

A

all extend knee and rectus femoris also flexes hip

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22
Q

muscle to bone

A

tendon

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23
Q

bone to bone

A

ligament

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24
Q

iliopsoas action

A

main flexor of hip

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25
Q

sartorius

A

attaches at medial tibia; flxion of hip and knee and lateral rotation of knee (crosses two joints)

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26
Q

innervation of anterior thigh compartment

A

femoral n and branches

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27
Q

action of pectineus and adductor longus

A

adduct femur; from pelvis to medal part of femur

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28
Q

What serves as a landmark in the deep medial thigh?

A

adductor brevis; divides obturator n. and a. into anterior and posterior divisions

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29
Q

Where does adductor magnus instert?

A

adductor tubercle

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30
Q

adductor hiatus

A

in medial thigh created by tendon of adductor magnus - femoral a. and v come through it

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31
Q

What is the route of the saphenous n. with femoral a. and v?

A

all 3 pass down through medial aspect of thigh and enter the adductor canal, then the n. pops out to supply cutaneous skin on leg and the a and v go through adductor hiatus and go posteriorly into popliteal space

32
Q

adductor hiatus vs canal contents

A

canal: VAN
hiatus: VA

33
Q

What nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thigh

A

obturator n.

34
Q

OI of hamstring muscles

A

arise from ischial tuberosity (except short head of biceps) and insert below knee

35
Q

What is the only hamstring muscle that has no action at the hip joint?

A

short head of biceps femoris

36
Q

popliteus action

A

unlocks knee

37
Q

function of hamstrings

A

extend hip and flex knee and rotate laterally/medially

38
Q

Which hamstring muscles rotate the knee medially?

A

semimebranosus and semitendonsus

39
Q

Which hamstring muscles rotate the knee laterally?

A

biceps femoris

40
Q

What is located w/i the popliteal fossa?

A

popliteal a. and v. the split of sciatic into common fib and tib (has collateral blood supply)

41
Q

What is the nerve of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

tibial branch of sciatic

42
Q

what tendons combine to form the pes ancerinus?

A

sartorius, gracilis, semitendonosis - attach on medial tibial plateua

43
Q

pes ancerine bursitis

A

tenderness on medial tibial plateau from inflammed bursa due to repetitive motion

44
Q

anterior thigh function

A

flexion of hip and extension of knee

45
Q

medial thigh function

A

adduction of femur

46
Q

posterior thigh function

A

extension of hip and flexion of knee

47
Q

What is the order of arterial supply in the thigh?

A

external iliac goes under inguinal lig to become femoral which give off medial and lateral circumflex and then gives off deep femoral and then goes to give branches in the knee

48
Q

What is the collateral circulation of arterial supply in the knee?

A

the genicular arteries branched from femoral

49
Q

deep vs superficial veins of the thigh

A

deep: correspond w/ deep arteries
superficial: saphenous that are outside the fascia lata

50
Q

What keeps the patella tracking in the middle?

A

the medial and lateral retinaculum

51
Q

patellar femoral syndrome

A

when lateral retinaculum is tighter than the medial and causes a lateral pull so that the patella rubs on lateral margin of groove causing pain walking up/down stairs (tx: cut lateral retincaulum)

52
Q

housemaid’s knee

A

prepatellar bursitis; happens when people are down on knees a lot

53
Q

cruiate ligaments are named for ?

A

their tibial attachment

54
Q

why is it likely that if you tear MCL you will likely tear medial meniscus?

A

medial collateral fuses w/ medial meniscus

55
Q

ACL prevents ?

A

forward displacement of tibia

56
Q

PCL prevents?

A

posterior displacement of tibia

57
Q

How could you determine the difference in a meniscal tear vs cruciate tear if it’s swollen?

A

both will be swollen but cruciate will produce a bloody effusion and menisci will not (not highly vascularized)

58
Q

What’s the most common meniscal tear?

A

bucket handle; tear off a piece of the middle and the free flap rolls over like a handle causing the knee to lock

59
Q

baker’s cyst

A

herniation of synovial membrane posteriorly continuous w/ joint in popliteal fossa; surgeons don’t like to mess with

60
Q

lachman’s test

A

tests ACL; stabilize foot an pull leg forward - tibia should only move slightly

61
Q

posterior drawer test

A

tests PCL; push back

62
Q

unhappy triad

A

torn ACL; torn medial meniscus; torn MCL

63
Q

what is the mechanism causing unhappy triad?

A

force applied from posterolateral direction w/ foot planted; (clipped) tibia is driven foward

64
Q

What are the tests for collateral ligament stability

A

mcmurray and apley

65
Q

mcmurray’s test

A

turn foot inward and knee outward and straighten leg - it stretches the LCL while grinding the medial meniscus. then switch

66
Q

apleys grind test

A

lay on stomach and grind menisci into condyles of femur by putting weight on legs and twisting

67
Q

What is the difference on an xray b/w normal knee joint and osteoarthritis

A

normal: even joint space w/ sharp edges
vs.
ragged bone edges; joint space exaggerated and reduced

68
Q

you strain ___ and you sprain ____

A

strain muscle and sprain ligaments

69
Q

pulled hamstring muscles and a quad strain are examples of what

A

stretching tendons

70
Q

thrombosis in the femoral or deep femoral veins have high risk of what?

A

embolus to lungs

71
Q

where do clots not usually cause complications?

A

in the superficial veins (saphenous)

72
Q

inflammation of the superficial veins

A

phlebitis

73
Q

inflammation of superficial veins w/ clots present

A

thrombophlebitis

74
Q

ITBS

A

IT band syndrome; pain and tenderness at lateral side of knee; associated w/ weak hip abductors; common in runners; inflammation of IT band from repeptive friction b/w band and lateral epicondyle

75
Q

osteosarcoma

A

malignany boned tumor that usually develops during periods of rapid growth in adolescence; has propensity for metastasis to lung

76
Q

What are the common locations for osteosarcoma?

A

leg, thigh upper arm. 60% occurs in distal femur/proximal tibia

77
Q

what are symptoms of osteosarcoma

A

bone fx after routine movement; bone pain; limitation of motion; limping, pain, tenderness welling or redness.

Anatomy Test Block IV (5 decks)

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