These are the endocrine diseases, classified

Question 1

pancreas no longer produces insulin (autoimmune)

Answer 1

type 1 diabetes

Question 2

insulin resistance due to repeated exposure to insulin and glucose = pancreas fatigue

Answer 2

type 2 diabetes

Question 3

excess growth hormone before bones fuse

Answer 3

gigantism

Question 4

excess growth hormone after bones fuse

Answer 4

acromegaly

Question 5

no insulin = body thinks it’s starving, and it uses/breaks down fat (liver) and the body counteracts acidity with HCO3, whilst kidneys remove acid. Eventually too much ketones in the serum.

Answer 5

ketoacidosis.

Question 6

too much prolactin from anterior pituitary

Answer 6

hyperprolactinemia

Question 7

too little prolactin

Answer 7

hyperprolactinaemia

Question 8

post partum haemorrhage = decrease in blood volume = avascular necrosis of the pituitary = ischaemia only of the anterior pituitary gland, all anterior pituitary hormones affected: TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, prolactin

Answer 8

sheehan’s syndrome

Question 9

too much cortisol from adrenal glands

Answer 9

cushing syndrome

Question 10

too much cortisol due to excessive ACTH from pituitary adenoma

Answer 10

cushing disease

Question 11

high levels of aldosterone (often the case when hypertensive)

Answer 11

hyperaldosteronism

Question 12

adrenal adenoma leading to too much aldosterone

Answer 12

conn’s syndrome

Question 13

adrenal glands don’t produce enough steroid hormones, especially cortisol and aldosterone

Answer 13

adrenal insufficiency

Question 14

adrenal glands have been damaged- primary adrenal insufficiency, usually autoimmune

Answer 14

Addison’s disease

Question 15

Decrease in ACTH from the pituitary, leading to a decrease in cortisol.

this could perhaps be due to: sheehans, tumour, surgery, radiotherapy

Answer 15

secondary adrenal insufficiency

Question 16

autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid gland, associated with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies, and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies

Answer 16

hashimoto disease (hypothyroidism)

Question 17

more T3/T4 is produced because TSH antibodies basically act like more TSH receptors (on thyroid)

Answer 17

Graves disease

Question 18

most common cause of hypothyroidism in the developing world

Answer 18

iodine deficiency

Question 19

increase in para-thyroidism, therefore raising blood calcium therefore stones, bones, groans and moans

Answer 19

hyper-parathyroidism

Question 20

caused by a decrease in ADH, or a decreased response to ADH. Therefore diluted urine, concentrated blood > problem is either in the kidneys or the brain (drugs or kidney disease, or no ADH from hypothalamus)

Answer 20

diabetes insipidus

Question 21

tumour of the adrenal glands = lots of adrenaline from the medulla

Answer 21

phaeochromocytoma

Question 22

often caused by small cell lung cancer, increase in ADH therefore low sodium in the serum

Answer 22

syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone