Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 Semester 2 > Endocrine Diseases > Flashcards

Endocrine Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetic foot disease is a complication of diabetes caused by damage to what

A

Nerves and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diabetic man has: active ulceration, spreading infection, critical ischaemia, gangrene or unexplained hot, red swollen foot with or without the presence of pain. Previously had signs of peripheral vascular disease. What is this?

A

Diabetic foot disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why might a diabetic man have a fracture or dislocation in the foot with no preceding history of significant trauma?

A

He has active foot disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pathology/ cause of type 1 diabetes?

A

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, so no insulin made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why do type 1 diabetics need injections Vs oral route of insulin?

A

Peptide hormones like insulin, cannot be taken orally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens when type 1 diabetics don’t get their insulin?

A

Excessively wasted
Develop ketoacidosis
Coma
Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Liver involvement in diabetes?

A

It thinks you’re starving, so it goes into gluconeogenesis mode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When is ketoacidosis?

A

When plasma pH falls below 7.1
(That becomes life threatening, death within hours).
Normal is usually 7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why might tissues become insensitive to insulin in type II diabetes?

A

Abnormal response of insulin receptors, or reduction in their number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is type 2 diabetes associated with obesity?

A

Chronic exposure to high levels of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the diagnostic criterion for diabetes?

A

Hyperglycaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What test diagnoses diabetes?

A

Glucose tolerance test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What results of glucose tolerance test indicates diabetes?

A

Patient ingests glucose load after fasting BG is measured. BG will normally return to fasting levels within an hour, but if elevation after two hours, = diabetes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What unit to measure plasma glucose concentration? (In the UK).

A

Millimolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Long term complications or hyperglycaemia?

A

Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Cardiovascular disease

Also nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why potential blindness in diabetes?

A

Retinopathy- destruction of retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why are foot ulcers a problem with diabetics?

A

Shoes rubbing, they don’t feel it, develop ulcers, ulcers become infected, and the bacteria LOVES the high blood glucose. So wounds difficult to treat therefore amputations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why would type 2 ever take exogenous insulin? Bc they’re still producing insulin, after all, sometimes even more!

A

Beta cells in the pancreas sometimes burn out cuz they’ve been churning out insulin for so long, bc of high BG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the stages of hypoglycaemia?

A

Inhibition of insulin secretion
Glucagon, epinephrine and GH secreted
Cortisol secreted
Cognitive days function
Lethargy
Coma
Convulsions
Permanent brain damage and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Coma at what BG level, and death when?

A

Coma at like 1.7mM
Death at like 0.6mM

Other hormone secreted like 3.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Growth during the foetal period is largely controlled by what

A

Nutritional intake, thyroid hormones, and insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When does growth hormone become significant?

A

Around 10 months of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is there a spike of growth hormone during puberty?

A

Androgens and oestrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do androgens and oestrogens terminate growth during puberty?

A

Causing epiphyses of the long bones to fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

During puberty, before androgens and oestrogens terminate growth by causing epiphyses of long bones, which hormones promote bone elongation and increased height, weight and body mass?

A

Growth hormone
IGF-I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which hormone is a great influence on growth at the start, but steadily less so with increasing age?

A

Thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Pathology of congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Babies born normal size but unable to produce own th

28
Q

Signs of congenital hypothyroidism

A

If left untreated, retarded growth, retain infantile facial features

29
Q

What affect does TH have on growth hormone?

A

Permissive
Loss of permissive effect severely impacts on GH action.

30
Q

Signs/ appearance of hypothyroid children Vs children deficient in GH?

A

HT children retain infantile proportions, whereas children deficient in GH are proportionally normal, just small (like a leprechaun)

31
Q

How long before someone might starts to notice the affects of acromegaly?

A

Like 5-10 years, maybe need to cut off ring etc

32
Q

Why might the rest of pituitary function be compromised in acromegaly?

A

Compression of pituitary gland due to growth of cells.

Eg thyroid hormone function lost

33
Q

Pathology of Cushing’s syndrome

A

Excess corticosteroids

34
Q

Biggest cause of Cushing’s syndrome (not equal to disease)

A

Taking excess steroids eg for asthma or IBD

35
Q

What is the pathology behind Cushing’s DISEASE?

A

Pituitary tumour

36
Q

Difference in pathology of gigantism vs acromegaly?

A

Hyper-secretion of GH in both. But in gigantism, due to a pituitary tumour BEFORE Epiphyseal plates of long bones close. = excessive growth.
Vs after

37
Q

Classic sign of acromegaly to do with feet?

A

Adult feet getting bigger

38
Q

How to treat gigantism and agromegaly? (2)

A

Surgery to remove tumour
Somatostatin analogues

39
Q

Why somatostatin analogues to treat acromegaly?

A

Somatostatin aka GHIH is a hormone that inhibits GH

40
Q

Is there height/ longitudinal growth in acromegaly?

A

No

41
Q

Unusually small stature is to do with hormones. What are the 5 reasons?

A

Deficiency of GHRH

Deficiency of GH

Genetic mutations of GH receptor (can’t respond to growth signal)

Precocious puberty- sec hormones cause long bones to fuse early

Hypothyroid dwarfism (loss of permissive effect of TH on GH)

42
Q

Why does injury and disease stunt growth?

A

Because if protein catabolism (glucocorticoid effects)

43
Q

Pathology of Graves’ disease

A

It’s hyperthyroidism, where the individual produces antibodies that mimic the action of TSH

44
Q

Levels of TSH and T4 in graves?

A

High T4
low TSH (bc of negative feedback)

45
Q

Why is there muscle weakness/ weight loss in hyperthyroidism?

A

There’s increased protein catabolism

46
Q

Both Hashimoto’s disease and graves is autoimmune. Difference?

A

Hashimoto = autoimmune attack of the thyroid gland
Graves = autoimmune, replication of TSH hormone

47
Q

Does iodine deficiency cause hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism?

A

Hypothyroidism

48
Q

Both hypo and hyper thyroid Ian is accompanied by significant enlargement of the thyroid gland. What causes this?

A

“Goitre”
Caused by an increase in trophies action of TSH on thyroid follicular cells, or over-activity as a result of autoimmune disease like graves therefore hypertrophy

49
Q

What’s the most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, resulting in deficiency of aldosterone and cortisol?

A

Defects in the 21-hydroxylase enzyme that is required to synthesise both aldosterone and cortisol

50
Q

What does deficiency in aldosterone and cortisol result in?

A

Associated disruption of sale and glucose balance

51
Q

Why are babies born with deficiency in 21 hydroxylase (leading to deficiency in aldosterone and cortisol) lead to being born with malformed genitalia?

A

Because all the cholesterol in the adrenal cortex ends up getting channeled into the production of the sex hormones.

So exposed to much higher concentrations of sex hormones than others is.

52
Q

How quickly do babies become ill after birth when they have a deficit in 21-hydroxylase ?

A

Like very very ill within days

53
Q

Hypersecretion of cortisol is what disorder?

A

Cushing’s

54
Q

Cushing’s disease Vs Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Both = hypersecretion of cortisol

Disease = tumour in adrenal cortex -directly more cortisol
Syndrome = tumour in pituitary gland - hyper secreting ACTH

55
Q

If Cushing’s disease is a rise in cortisol, which has catabolic action, why is there a distribution of fat ie moon face and on the neck?

A

There are wasting of extremities, but for unknown reasons, fat is redistributed to face and trunk. So far on the trunk, but still thin arms and lega

56
Q

Hyposecretion of cortisol is associated with what disease?

A

Addison’s disease

57
Q

Pathology of Addison’s disease?

A

Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex

58
Q

How to treat addisonian crises/ adrenal crises?

A
59
Q

What is addisonian crises/ adrenal crises?

A

low cortisol

60
Q

Affect of alcohol, caffeine and lack of sleep on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis?

A

Disinhibits. Removes negative feedback , causing an increase in cortisol release.

61
Q

Why does stress lead to further infection

A

Because stress leads to more cortisol being released, which suppresses the immune system.

62
Q

Why are you cold with hypothyroidism?

A
63
Q

Often beta blockers are used in the management of hyperthyroidism. When is this contraindicated?

A

Asthma

64
Q

What drug for weight management?

A

Orlistat

65
Q

What does orlistat do?

A

Help with weight management, by inhibiting pancreatic and gastric lipases, so inhibits fat absorption

66
Q

Usually prescription for orlistat?

A

Usual prescription does 120mg 3 times daily

67
Q

If you eat something fatty, and take orlistat?

A

Very fatty diarrhoea

Year 2 Semester 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions