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Animal Structure And Function B > Thermoregulation > Flashcards

Thermoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is a poikilotherm?

A

Cold blooded animal

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2
Q

What is a homeotherm?

A

Warm blooded animal

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3
Q

Costs of being a poikilotherm

A

Depend on absorbing heat from the environment for function (ectothermic)
Inactive in cold
Seek shelter in hot conditions

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4
Q

Benefits of being a poikilotherm

A

Reduced food requirements

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5
Q

Costs of being a homeotherm

A

Maintaining constant temperature requires higher energy consumption.
More food needed.

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6
Q

Benefits of being a homeotherm

A

Function in wide range of temperatures by producing own heat through metabolism (endothermic)

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7
Q

Structure that suspends testes and keeps them 4-7 degrees cooler?

A

Pampiniform plexus

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8
Q

What is cryptorchidism and its effect?

A

Retention of testes. Makes animal partially infertile as testes too hot

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9
Q

What mechanism is homeostasis regulated through?

A

Negative feedback control

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10
Q

Feedback pathway in thermoreception

A

Spinothalamic 3 neuron pathway

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11
Q

Central control organ in thermoreception

A

Hypothalamus

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12
Q

What is the thermoneutral zone?

A

Lies between upper and lower critical temperatures

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13
Q

What happens outside of thermoneutral zone?

A

Animal must expend energy to maintain core temperature at set point

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14
Q

Features of the “comfort zone”

A

Animal does not need to actively lose or gain heat

Can maintain temp at BMR through variations in insulation

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15
Q

Physical mechanisms of heat transfer?

A

Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation

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16
Q

What is radiation?

A

Heat emitted from warm body. Strikes other objects which absorb it.

17
Q

What is conduction?

A

Heat is transferred from the body to cooler object by direct contact. Most significant in small animals.

18
Q

What is convection?

A

Movement of warm air over water away from the body and replacement with cooler air or water. Reduced by insulation. Increased by piloerection and wetting.

19
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Insensible water losses. Increased by sweating, panting, salivation and air currents. Decreases with humidity.

20
Q

Most efficient method of heat transfer in the body?

A

Perfusion. Blood efficiently transfers heat from muscle, liver to skin and lungs.

21
Q

Intrinsic mechanisms for heat production?

A 
BMR
Breakdown of nutrients
Chemical reactions
Fermentation in ruminants
Hormones increasing cellular rate of heat production
22
Q

Circulatory changes causing heat loss?

A

Vasodilation in skin
Blood shunted from deep to superficial vessels
Counter-current heat exchange between arteries and veins

23
Q

Control mechanisms for evaporative heat loss?

A 
Central responses (sympathetic stimulation - Ad/NAd)
Peripheral reflex
24
Q

Features of aprocrine sweat glands?

A

Glands at hair follicles. Adrenaline sensistive and dual autonomic innervation.

25
Q

Features of eccrine sweat gland production?

A

Occur in footpads and nasal plane. Ad/NAd sensitive.

26
Q

List methods of heat transfer in poikilotherms

A 
Heliothermy
Thigmothermy
Panting
Inertial homeothermy
Counter-current systems
Adapting behaviour to environmental temperature
27
Q

What is heliothermy?

A

Absorbed radiated heat from the sun

28
Q

What is thigmothermy?

A

Conducted heat from the environment

29
Q

What is inertial homeothermy?

A

Thermal inertia of large mass of body or its environment

30
Q

What are counter-current systems?

A

Vascular responses that shunt heat away from cold extremities

31
Q

What is hyperthermia (heat stroke)?

A

Production/gain of heat > loss of heat and evaporative cooling fails

32
Q

Effects of hyperthermia?

A

High temperature induces an increase in metabolic rate +/- protein degradation. Leads to febrile convulsions, circulatory shock or teratogenic effects.

33
Q

What is pyrexia (fever)?

A

Regulated increase in temperature. Set point temp raised to above 40 degrees. Adaptive response which is reversible with drugs.

34
Q

Methods of heat retention?

A

Physical regulation and behaviour (decrease exposed body surface, piloerection)
Vasoconstriction

35
Q

Methods of chemical production of heat?

A

Increased heat production - thermogenesis (occurs at lower critical temp)
Shivering (rhythmic muscle contraction)
Brown fat (especially newborns and hibernators around vital organs)

36
Q

Adaptations to cold tolerance?

A

Acclimation - adaptations to sustained cold (increased coat thickness, subcut. fat and increased BMR)
Acclimatization - adaptation to more enduring temperature changes e.g. seasons (increased insulation to retain heat, coat thickness and fat deposits increase, vasomotor change, lower critical temperature)

37
Q

Features of hibernation

A 
Limited energy requirements
Decreased Hr, RR, BMR and EEG
Periodic awakening for urination or if temp approaches zero
Reached through sleep
Requires hypothalamic control
Brown fat for rewarming
Homeotherms behave like poikilotherms
Autonomous process
38
Q

Features of hypothermia

A

Decreased core body temp
Depleted glycogen reserves after prolonged shivering - fatigue
Decreased HR and CNS depression
Haemoconcentration - fluid shifts to tissue

Animal Structure And Function B (3 decks)

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