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Animal Structure And Function B > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How does neural control of reproduction work?

A

Nerves release neurotransmitters directly onto the target tissue
Usually operate via spinal cord

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2
Q

How does neuroendocrine control of reproduction work?

A

Combined efforts of nerves and hormones.
Usually operates via the spinal cord.
Relies on transport of hormones through circulatory blood.

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3
Q

How does endocrine control of reproduction work?

A

Hormones operate independent of the nerves.

Relies on transport of hormones through circulatory blood.

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4
Q

GnRH produced in…

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

GnRH controls…

A

Release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from anterior pituitary

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6
Q

GnRH tonic release is…

A

Small pulsatile GnRH release throughout reproductive life in both males and females

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7
Q

GnRH surge release involves…

A

High amplitude, high frequency pulses of GnRH when stimulated by high oestrogen levels. Females only.

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8
Q

Role of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

A

Stimulates follicular growth in females and increases production of oestrogen.
Stimulates sertoli cells and spermatogenesis in males.

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9
Q

Role of LH (lutenising hormone)

A

Induces ovullation of mature follicles hence formation of the corpus luteum and production of progesterone. Stimulates testosterone production in males.

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10
Q

Testosterone controls…

A

Male behaviour and aggression, spermatogenesis, growth of secondary sex glands (epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles etc.) and muscle.

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11
Q

Oestrogen controls…

A 
Uterine blood flow
Growth of uterine endometrial glands
Secretory activity of oviduct
Smooth muscle motility
Sexual receptivity
Closure of epiphyseal growth plate in bones
Mammary duct growth
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12
Q

Progesterone controls…

A

Uterine endoemtrial gland growth
Secretory activity of oviduct and endometrial glands
Mammary growth
Quiescence of uterus

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13
Q

Definition of oestrus

A

Regular periods of mating behaviour

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14
Q

Definition of dioestrus

A

Period between oestrous cycles

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15
Q

Definition of anoestrus

A

Abscence of oestrous cycles

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16
Q

Definition of monoestrus

A

A single oestrous period per season (e.g. bitch)

17
Q

Definition of polyoestrus

A

Several oestrus periods per season (e.g. ewe)

18
Q

Definition of induced ovulation

A

Ovulation induced by mating (e.g. rabbit)

19
Q

Follicular phase of oestrous cycle

A

Regression of CL to ovulation
Follicles are present
Dominated by oestrogen

20
Q

Luteal phase of oestrous cycle

A

Ovulation to regression of CL
Corpora lutea are present
Involves preparation for pregnancy
Dominated by progesterone

21
Q

The sperm journey…

A

Sertoli cells - seminiferous tubules - rete tubules - efferent ducts - epididymis - ductus deferens - pelvic urethra - penile urethra

22
Q

The zygote journey…

A

Primordial follicle - primary and secondary follicle - antral follicle - ovulation - oviduct - fertilisation - uterus

23
Q

Development of a blastocyst is marked by

A

Development of an internal cavity

24
Q

Passive transport across placenta

A

Water in by osmosis
Uric acid and creatinine out by osmosis
Gas exchange

25
Q

Facilitated transport across placenta

A

Glucose

26
Q

Active transport across placenta

A

Minerals (Fe, Cu, Ca, Mg)
Water soluble minerals (e.g. B and C)
Some amino acids

27
Q

First stage of parturition

A

Uterine contractions
Cervix dilates
Vulva swells

28
Q

Second stage of parturition

A

Foetus expelled through birth canal

29
Q

Third stage of parturition

A

Placenta expelled

30
Q

After parturition

A

Production of colostrum

Involution of the uterus

31
Q

Order of tissue growth in embryo

A
  1. CNS
  2. Skeleton
  3. Muscle
  4. Adipose
32
Q

Factors affecting growth

A

Genetic, environmental, maternal age, maternal size, maternal nutrition, climatic stress and litter size

Animal Structure And Function B (3 decks)

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