Thermodynamics Flashcards
The collision of atoms with a surface gives rise to _.
Pressure
The kinetic energy of atoms is directly proportional to _.
Temperature
Generally objects are bigger when they are _ because atoms are vibrating faster.
Hotter
Number of atoms v. kinetic energy, then _ means colder.
Closer
Objects transfer energy from hot to cold because of the conservation of _ (net heat transfer).
Momentum
Molecules of hot objects tend to collide and transfer more _ because they are moving faster.
Energy
When two objects have the same _, they are in thermal equilibrium and the net hear transfer between them is _ but there is still heat transfer.
Temperature, 0
Energy must be transferred in order to be called _.
Heat
_ _ is the sum of the energies of all of the molecules in a substance.
Internal energy
_ is related to the average kinetic energy per molecule of a substance.
Temperature
Two bodies that have the same temperature do not necessarily contain the same amount of _ _ because it depends on the amount of molecules moving around too.
Internal energy
There can be two bodies with different _ that have the same internal energy.
Temperature
Work per time
Power
The three physical methods of heat transfer are _, _, and _.
Conduction, convection, and radiation
_ is the physical transfer of atomic vibration energy from atom to atom.
Conduction
Properties that affect heat transfer are _ _ (metals are higher), change in _, _ _ _, and _.
Thermal conductivity, temperature, cross sectional area, length
_ is the transfer of thermal energy by fluid flow.
Convection
When a fluid is _, it is less dense and will rise because it increases in size.
Hot
_ is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.
Radiation
Molecules move in _ random motion.
Continous
There are _ _ of molecules in a container of gas.
A lot
The _ between individual molecules is large.
Separation
Molecules do not exert _ or _ forces on other molecules.
Electrical, gravitational
All collisions between molecules are _ (no kinetic energy is lost).
Elastic
U
(3/2)nRT
KE=(1/2)mv^2
(3/2)kT
For the same temperature, gasses of different _ will have the same average kinetic energies but different average _ (when mass decreases, velocity increases).
Masses, velocities
Number of molecules v. speed, then more massive is _ but same temperature.
Closer
N
n6.02x10^23
P or V v. T the x-intercept is _ _.
Absolute zero
If heat is added then Q is _.
Positive
If temperature goes up then U is _.
Positive
Work by is _.
Negative
When volume _ work is done by a gas.
Increases
A heat engine _ work.
Does
Highest internal energy means highest _.
Temperature
Every point that has the same PV has the same _.
Temperature
Constant PV lines are _.
Hyperbolas
Lower isothermals have lower _.
Temperatures
Use change in V but not change in _.
P
Area under the curve of a PV diagram is _.
Work
Determine sign of Q with _.
U = Q + W
In cycles, if start and stop at same point then T=_ so U=_.
0, 0
Constant pressure is _.
Isobaric
Constant volume is _ or _ (W=0).
Isochoric, isovolumetric
Constant temperature is _ (U=0).
Isothermal
No heat transfer between system and the environment is _ (Q=0).
Adiabatic
Compare above or below _ to see if T and U are positive.
Isothermal
More _ means are entropy.
Disorder
The second law of thermodynamics is that the _ of a system cannot decrease unless work is done on the system.
Entropy
The universe moves from _ to _.
Order, disorder
If it is a container then _ is constant.
nR
Always put calculations in _.
Kelvin
If it says work _ then do opposite sign.
By
Work _ is a heat engine.
By
Work _ is a refrigerator.
On
