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Biology 241 > Thermodynamics > Flashcards

Thermodynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to cause change

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2
Q

What is “work”?

A

The change that requires energy

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3
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed
- energy can change locations
- energy can change forms
- all energy that enters/leaves the system came from the surroundings

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4
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy that is stored due its position or chemical structure (energy at rest)

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5
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy that is in motion/change

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6
Q

Is there potential energy in the nucleus? Why or why not?

A

The nucleus has zero potential energy. Electrons with more potential energy move to higher energy levels. Whereas electrons with low potential energy are near the nucleus

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7
Q

What type of molecules have more potential energy?

A

Non-polar molecules with a lot of covalent bonds
- an electronegativity under 0.4 means non-polar in this course

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8
Q

Is there potential energy at equilibrium?

A

Yes but it is very low

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9
Q

What is enthalpy

A

The sum of kinetic and potential energy in molecules

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10
Q

Does work change the enthalpy of a system?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is exothermic?

A

Heat is released into the surroundings. Reactants have more enthalpy than products

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12
Q

What is endothermic?

A

Heat is absorbed into the surroundings. Reactants have lower enthalpy than products

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13
Q

What are some “current conditions”?

A
  • Temperature, pH, atmospheric pressure (constant in a cell)
  • [reactants], [products] (cells manipulate those a lot)
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14
Q

What are spontaneous reactions?

A

Reactions that can happen under “current conditions”

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15
Q

Does spontaneous mean instantaneous?

A

NO

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16
Q

Does enthalpy determine spontaneity?

A

NO

17
Q

What is entropy?

A

The dispersion of energy throughout the universe
- chaos and disorder
- determines if reaction in spontaneous

18
Q

Does work change the entropy of systems/surroundings?

A

Yes, the dispersion of energy in the universe changes

19
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Total entropy of the universe must increase
- nothing will happen if it decreases
- every transfer/transformation of energy must increase total entropy

20
Q

How can living organisms not defy the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Entropy of system decreases if entropy of the surroundings increases

21
Q

What is free energy?

A

Molecules have free energy, this energy in the system has to do work (reactants to products)

22
Q

What must be present for work to occur?

A

Energy

23
Q

Are spontaneous reactions exergonic or endergonic?

A

They are exergonic, exergonic is free energy change. Reactants have more free energy than products, therefore free energy change is negative

24
Q

Are non-spontaneous reactions exergonic or endergonic?

A

They are endergonic. Not enough free energy in reactants for reaction to occur. Not enough energy to change the system and the total entropy of the universe

25
Q

What does the change in enthalpy of a reaction equal?

A

At constant pressure, the heat entering/leaving a system
(delta G = delta H - T delta S system)

26
Q

What is chemical equilibrium?

A

Regardless of the starting or ending concentrations of reactants/products, reactions will never go to completion. The rate of the forward and reverse reactions are equal

27
Q

What is the change in free energy equal to at equilibrium?

A

Zero. No free energy change in the system to allow further change. For the reaction to continue you have to either add for reactants or remove the products

28
Q

What are metabolic reactions?

A

Sum of all reactions in a cell (called metabolism)

29
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breaking down of complex molecules

30
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The building up of complex molecules

31
Q

What are metabolic reactions linked to?

A

Biochemical pathways

32
Q

Is anabolism exergonic or endergonic?

A

The process of anabolism is endergonic but anabolism itself isn’t

33
Q

When are two reactions connected?

A

When the product of one reaction is the reactant (substrate) of another reaction

Biology 241 (6 decks)

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