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Biology 241 > Organotrophy > Flashcards

Organotrophy Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe aerobic respiration

A

A combustion reaction where glucose is burned in oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O with the release of heat

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2
Q

Why can’t aerobic respiration/oxidation of glucose happen in one step?

A

We would all combust into flames and nothing would melt down.

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3
Q

Aerobic respiration is a series of what?

A

Coupled redox reactions that release free energy of glucose and transfers some released energy into other molecules (ATP, NADH, H2O, O2, CO2, heat)

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4
Q

What happens to non-polar covalent bonds in coupled redox reactions?

A

Bonds in reactants that are broken (C-C, C-H, O=O)

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5
Q

What happens to polar covalent bonds in coupled redox reactions?

A

Bonds in the products are formed (C=O, O-H)

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6
Q

What happens to bonding electrons shared equally between the carbon atoms in glucose?

A

They move farther away from the Carbon nuclei in CO2 (glucose is oxidized because it is losing electrons)

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7
Q

What happens to electrons shared equally between oxygen atoms in O2?

A

Move closer to the oxygen nuclei in H2O (reduced because it gains electrons)

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8
Q

What do biological redox reactions generate?

A

Reduction potential that is stored in electron carriers

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9
Q

What is reduction potential?

A

The potential to reduce something else. Electron carrier molecules transfer electrons from one spot to another from one reaction to another

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10
Q

What are electron carriers’ job?

A

Energy transport molecules that move electrons from one reaction to another

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11
Q

What are the 3 electron carrier molecules?

A

NAD+, NADP+, FAD+
NADH, NADPH, FADH2
They both have oxidized and reduced forms

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12
Q

Where are important electrons?

A

Far away from the nucleus

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13
Q

What is the point of chemoorganotrophy?

A

To generate reduction potential

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14
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Done by some prokaryotes, requires an electron transport transport chain (same for aerobic)

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15
Q

What is the only reaction requires oxygen?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic respiration)

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16
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The partial oxidation of glucose, there are 10 connected (some coupled) reactions and each step requires its own enzyme

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17
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol; LUCA could carry out glycolysis without any advanced functions (like mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc….). All life on earth can carry out glycolysis, it is the worlds biochemical pathway

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18
Q

Describe the simplified process of glycolysis.

A
  • Glucose (6 carbon sugar)
  • Consumes 2 molecules of ATP to generate 2 molecules of ADP (primes glucose to give off energy at the end)
  • 2 NAD+ generates 2 NADH
  • We earn 4 ADP generates 4 ATP
    End up with 2 pyruvate (3 carbon sugars)
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19
Q

What does the pyruvate have?

A

Still has lots of potential energy through glycolysis

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20
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

ATP is generated by an enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate and attach it to ADP to generate ATP

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21
Q

What does substrate-level phosphorylation need?

A

Requires an enzyme to transfer a phosphate group from one organic molecule to ADP

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22
Q

What does the cell need to do with pyruvate?

A

Remove it to keep glycolysis going

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23
Q

What do we need to do with NAD+?

A

Need to restore them. Instead of generating more NAD+ through glycolysis it oxidizes NADH to generate new NAD+ because it is difficult to make

24
Q

What happens when oxygen is limited?

A

Pyruvate enters a fermentation pathway (anaerobic reduction of pyruvate)

25
Q

How much ATP does fermentation produce?

A

Zero

26
Q

What happens if there is oxygen? What happens if there isn’t?

A

If there is then pyruvate is oxidized further. If it isn’t it is reduced via fermentation.

27
Q

What happens to pyruvate in fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is reduced, and NADH is oxidized and becomes NAD+ (goes back to glycolysis)

28
Q

What does fermentation allow?

A

Allows glycolysis to continue without oxygen

29
Q

What is the big differences between lactate fermentation and alcoholic fermentation?

A

Alcoholic fermentation has increase in decarboxylation

30
Q

Where do eukaryotes oxidize pyruvate?

A

The matrix of the inner membrane space of the mitochondria

31
Q

Will pyruvate be oxidized if there is oxygen?

A

No.

32
Q

What is the outer mitochondrial membrane?

A

Cytosol (pyruvate is produced), has high pyruvate concentrations

33
Q

What is the intermembrane space?

A

Has low pyruvate concentration

34
Q

What is the inner membrane space?

A

Contains the matrix where pyruvate is oxidized and where the krebs cycle occurs. High pyruvate concentrations

35
Q

What is the bridge reaction?

A

Bridges glycolysis and the krebs cycle. Pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl-CoA in the matrix; Chopping off of a carboxyl group and CO2 is exhaled forever, pyruvate donates electrons to NAD+ which converts into NADH, coEnzymeA. Now you have Acetyl-CoA

36
Q

Describe the krebs cycle in relation to organotrophy.

A
  • Finishes the oxidation of glucose molecule
  • 8 connected (5 coupled) reactions
  • Oxidize the Acetyl-CoA into CO2 molecules
  • Each krebs cycle step has its own unique enzyme
37
Q

What other organic molecules are in our diet besides glucose?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Nucleic acids
  • Lipids
  • Other monosaccharides
38
Q

How many protein complexes are there in the electron transport chain?

A

4 complexes
- All are associated with inner mitochondrial membrane
- 3 are integral
- 1 is peripheral

39
Q

What does the electron transport chain do?

A

Moves electrons through many redox reactions (electron flow is redox driven)

40
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

41
Q

What does the electron transport chain pump?

A

Protons. Moves H+ from matrix into intermembrane space. These protons also form an electron chemical gradient

42
Q

What are the acidity levels of different levels of the mitochondria?

A

Intermembrane space has a pH of 5 and is more positvely charged cause of protons; and the inner membrane space has a pH of 7. The intermembrane space is more acidic.

43
Q

Describe the simplified process of the krebs cycle.

A

2 CO2 lost, NAD+ converted into NADH, FAD converted into FADH3, generate one molecule of ATP

44
Q

What does complex 1 use?

A

High energy electrons

44
Q

Describe complex 1

A

NADH in the matrix donates (reduces) complex 1 and H+ protons are pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space

45
Q

Describe complex 2

A

FADH2 in the matrix donates (reduces) complex 2

46
Q

What is Ubiquinone?

A

A hydrophobic electron taxi. Takes electrons from complex 1 to 3, and electrons from complex 2 to 3.

47
Q

What happens when Ubiquinone is reduced?

A

It takes H+ from the matrix and released H+ in the intermembrane space when oxidized at complex 4

48
Q

What is cytochrome?

A

A hydrophilic electron taxi that moves electrons to complex 4. Electrons

49
Q

What does complex 4 do?

A

Pumps H+ from matrix to the intermembrane space. Complex 4 also reduces O2 to H2O and consumes H+ from the matrix

50
Q

What is proton motive force?

A

The H+ electrochemical gradient, this is used for chemiosmosis and not a part of the ETC

51
Q

What does proton motive force do?

A
  1. The potential energy of PMF can be used to power ATP synthase
  2. As H+ moves through ATP synthase, the energy released is used to make ATP
52
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

The channel portion of ATP synthase allows H+ to move into the matrix. The catalyst portion of it adds a phosphate to ADP to make ATP.

53
Q

Why does total ATP generated vary?

A

around 32 - 38 ATP is generated. This varies because:
1. The model studied is unique
2. PMF is used for other things
3. NADH and FADH2 are used for other things

54
Q

What is metabolic integration?

A

If you don’t need to use ATP, glucose can be stored as a polymer. Animals use glycogen for storage and plants use starch. Triglycerides can be generated for even longer term storage. If you do end up needing ATP, these processes can be reversed.

55
Q

Where does all metabolism occur?

A

In the cytosol and on the cell membrane

Biology 241 (6 decks)

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