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Biology 241 > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does all life store genetic information?

A

All life stores genetic information in DNA molecules and use the ribosomes (rRNA) to translate information into proteins

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2
Q

What are the essential component to life?

A

Ribosomes

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3
Q

When do mutations occur?

A

Randomly over time

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4
Q

Why are nucleotides necessary?

A

Some of them are necessary for critical ribosomal function. Nucleotide sequences of ribosomes among species can be compared
- if two species have similar sequences, the closer related they are

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5
Q

What is the 3 (2?) kingdom class system based on?

A

Similarities and differences in molecular information

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6
Q

What features were though to be uniquely in eukaryotes?

A

Cytoskeleton, phagocytosis, translation, transcrption

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7
Q

Why was the 3 domain system changed to the 2 domain system?

A

Unique features thought to only be found in eukarya were found in archea. Insinuating that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.

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8
Q

What is LUCA?

A

Last universal common ancestor

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9
Q

What are some characteristics of Bacteria?

A

Prokaryote, no nucleus, unicellular, cell walls of peptidoglycan, 1-5 micrometers

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of Archea?

A

Prokaryote, no nucleus, unicellular, cell wall made of pseudopeptidoglycan, 1-5 micrometers

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11
Q

What are some characteristics of Eukarya?

A

Eukaryote, nucleus, unicellular or multicellular, some have cell walls (cellulose, pectin, chitin,), 10-100 micrometers

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12
Q

What do eukaryotes and prokaryotes have in common?

A

DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytosol

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13
Q

What are some characteristics that are uniquely eukaryotic?

A

80s ribosomes (size), 1 circular DNA genome, membrane bound organelles (mitochondria, nucleus, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum)

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14
Q

What are some characteristics that are uniquely prokaryotic?

A

70s ribosomes (size), multiple linear DNA genomes

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15
Q

Why are prokaryotic cells smaller?

A

They don’t have complex functions like membrane bound organelles.
- surface area needs to support internal volume
- bigger the cell gets the more ATP and amino acids (energy) it needs
- However rates of diffusion and ATP synthesis remain constant and cannot supply it

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16
Q

Why are eukaryotic cells bigger?

A

They are bigger because they are more complex. The endomembrane systems store and transport nutrients where it’s needed

17
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

When a gene from 1 species becomes part of another species

18
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

That mitochondria and chloroplasts were once bacteria eaten by archea that escaped digestion. The bacteria was really good at aerobic respiration and allowed an endomembrane system to develop in the archea

19
Q

How did the archea and bacteria help each other in the endosymbiotic theory?

A

The archea provided protection and nutrient support to the bacteria. The bacteria was really good at aerobic respiration and provided increases ATP production
- allowed archea to grow larger and develop advanced system

20
Q

What happened to the bacteria over time in the endosymbiotic theory?

A

It lost its DNA over time to become mitochondrias and chloroplasts

21
Q

In relation to the endosymbiotic theory, what are eukaryotes?

A

A hybrid of bacteria and archea

22
Q

What are some similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A
  1. Same size as modern prokaryotes
  2. Have their own circular DNA molecule
  3. Divide using binary fission
  4. Have 70s ribosomes (more prokaryotic than eukaryotic)
23
Q

What is a phototroph?

A

Light eaters

24
Q

What is a chemotroph?

A

A chemical eater
Organotroph: organic molecules
lithotroph: inorganic molecules

25
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

Make their own food (source of carbon)

26
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

Eat other organisms as a food source

Biology 241 (6 decks)

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