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Thermodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Work in a Fluid System

Work in Expansion

A

W = ( - )

V2 > V1
dV = (+)

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2
Q

Work in a Fluid System

Work in Compression

A

W = ( + )

V1 > V2
dV = (-)

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3
Q

Work in a Fluid System

Work in Compression

A
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4
Q

Work is done on the system

A

Endergonic

+W

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5
Q

Work is done by the system

A

Exergonic

-W

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6
Q

Heat is absorbed by the system

A

Endothermic

+Q

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7
Q

Heat is released from the system

A

Exothermic

-Q

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8
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

“Energy can neither be created not destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another”.

ΔU = Q + W

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9
Q

Who wrote the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius

It was introduced by Julius Robert Mayer and later on, James Prescott Joule

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10
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

“Heat never flows from a colder body to a hotter body, except when external energy is applied”.

For a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases.

ΔS = Q/T

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11
Q

Who made the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson

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12
Q

It is based on Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics

A

Refrigeration

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13
Q

It is based on Kelvin Planck’s statement of second law of thermodynamics.

A

Heat Engine

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14
Q

Third Law of Thermodynamics

A

“the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero”.

A perfect crystal at zero Kelvin has zero entropy.

S = kB log W

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15
Q

Who developed the third law of thermodynamics?

A

Walther Nernst

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16
Q

Non-spontaneous

Entropy

A

ΔS,univ < 0

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17
Q

Reversible, equilibrium

Entropy

A

ΔS,univ = 0

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18
Q

Spontaneous

Entropy

A

ΔS,univ > 0

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19
Q

Who is known as the father of thermodynamics?

A

Sadi Carnot

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20
Q

What is the formula for calculating the change in entropy of a system?

A

ΔS = Q/T, where ΔS is the change in entropy, Q is the heat transferred, and T is the absolute temperature.

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21
Q

Who proposed the concept of thermodynamic equilibrium?

A

Ludwig Boltzmann

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22
Q

What is the name of the law that states the internal energy of a system is a function of its state?

A

The first law of thermodynamics

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23
Q

What is the name of the law that states the pressure and temperature of a gas are directly proportional when volume is constant?

A

Gay-Lussac’s law

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24
Q

What is the name of the law that states the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional when temperature is constant?

A

Boyle’s law

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25
Q

What is the name of the law that states the volume and temperature of a gas are directly proportional when pressure is constant?

A

Charles’s law

26
Q

Who proposed the concept of heat engines

A

Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot

27
Q

What is the name of the process by which a gas changes phase directly into a solid without passing through the liquid phase?

A

Direct solidification

28
Q

What is the name of the law that states the work done by a system is equal to the change in its internal energy?

A

The first law of thermodynamics.

29
Q

What is the name of the law that states the work done by a system is equal to the change in its internal energy?

A

The first law of thermodynamics.

30
Q

What is the name of the law that states the entropy of an isolated system always increases over time?

A

The second law of thermodynamics.

31
Q

What is the name of the law that states the internal energy of a system is a state function?

A

The first law of thermodynamics.

32
Q

What is the name of the law that states the total energy of a closed system is constant?

A

The law of conservation of energy.

32
Q

What is the name of the law that states the total energy of a closed system is constant?

A

The law of conservation of energy.

33
Q

What is the name of the process by which a gas changes phase into a plasma?

A

Ionization

34
Q

What is the name of the process by which a plasma changes phase directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase?

A

Deionization

35
Q

What is the name of the theoretical lowest possible temperature?

A

Absolute Zero

36
Q

What is the formula for calculating the efficiency of a heat engine?

A

Efficiency = (W/QH) x 100%, where W is the work done by the engine and QH is the heat transferred to the engine from the hot reservoir.

37
Q

What is the name of the law that states the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero?

A

The third law of thermodynamics

38
Q

What is the name of the law that states the heat capacity of a substance is proportional to its mass?

A

The specific heat capacity.

39
Q

What is the name of the law that states the heat transfer between two objects is proportional to the temperature difference between them?

A

Fourier’s law.

40
Q

What is the name of the process by which heat flows from a hotter object to a cooler object?

A

Heat Transfer

41
Q

What is the name of the law that states the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of its kinetic energy and potential energy?

A

The law of equipartition of energy.

42
Q

What is the name of the law that states the efficiency of a reversible heat engine is given by the ratio of the absolute temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs?

A

Carnot’s theorem.

42
Q

What is the name of the law that states the efficiency of a reversible heat engine is given by the ratio of the absolute temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs?

A

Carnot’s theorem.

43
Q

Van Der Waal’s Equation

A

(P + a(n/V)^2) (V - nb)= nRT

Pressure adjusts for the attractions and volumes of a gas

44
Q

Specific Heat of Ideal Gases

A

Monoatomic Gases
Cp=5/2•R Cv= 3/2•R

Diatomic Gases
Cp=7/2•R Cv= 5/2•R

Mono, Di. Five and seven.
Which heat’s which,
now it’s heaven.

Cp>Cv: Countless Pizza > Cold Vodka (temperature)

45
Q

Which law is the basis for the manufacture of thermometers?

A

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

46
Q

Instances where work is zero

A
  • No work in nozzle, it changed diameter only.
  • straight pipes
47
Q

Instances where Heat, Q is zero.

A
  • Insulated nozzle, etc. (No heat losses)
  • Adiabatic
48
Q

Carnot Cycle

A
  1. Isothermal expansion: ΔS = Qʜ/Tʜ, where Q is the heat absorbed by the system from the high-temperature reservoir at temperature T1.
  2. Adiabatic expansion: ΔS = 0, since the process is reversible and adiabatic, so there is no heat exchange with the surroundings.
  3. Isothermal compression: ΔS = -Qc/Tc, where Q is the heat released by the system to the low-temperature reservoir at temperature T2.
  4. Adiabatic compression: ΔS = 0, for the same reason as in the adiabatic expansion.
49
Q

Entropy

Non-flow means

A

Closed System

50
Q

Entropy

Steady flow means

A

Open system

∆KE & ∆PE = 0

∆H =± Q ± W

51
Q

Heat Effects

Difference of heat of combustion at P=K and V=k

A

∆H = ∆U = RT•∆ng

52
Q

Heat Effects

Clapeyron Equation

A

E4-13

∆V = 1/p,liqd - 1/p,solid

53
Q

Heat Effects

Clausius - Clapeyron Equation

A

E2-30

54
Q

Normal Freezing Point Data

A

T = 0°C
p = 1 atm

∆Hf = 80 cal/g

55
Q

Normal Boiling Point Data

A

T = 100°C
P = 1 atm

∆Hv = 540 cal/g

56
Q

Quality

A

M = x(Msv) + (1-x)(MsL)

57
Q

Assumption in Turbine

A

Adiabatic
∆S = 0

58
Q

Adiabatic Pump

A

Foot note

W, isentropic = V∆P E4-51

∆H =Cp∆T + V(1-βT)∆P

∆S = Cp•ln(T2/T1) - βV∆P

Note that W for isentropic is V=k and W normal is P=k

59
Q

Otto Cycle

A
  1. Isentropic compression: The entropy change for an isentropic process is zero (ΔS = 0) since it is a reversible adiabatic process.
  2. Isochoric Heating/Constant volume heat addition: The entropy change for a constant volume process can be determined using the equation ΔS = Qʜ/Tʜ, where Q is the heat added to the system and T is the temperature at which the heat is added.
  3. Isentropic expansion: Similar to the isentropic compression, the entropy change for this process is zero (ΔS = 0).
  4. Isochoric Cooling/Constant volume heat rejection: Again, the entropy change for a constant volume process can be determined using ΔS = Qc/Tc, where Q is the heat rejected by the system and T is the temperature at which the heat is rejected.
60
Q

Diesel Cycle

A
  1. Isentropic compression: The entropy change for an isentropic process is zero (ΔS = 0) since it is a reversible adiabatic process.
  2. Isobaric Heating/Constant pressure heat addition: The entropy change for a constant pressure process can be determined using the equation ΔS = Qʜ/Tʜ, where Q is the heat added to the system and T is the temperature at which the heat is added.
  3. Isentropic expansion: Similar to the isentropic compression, the entropy change for this process is zero (ΔS = 0).
  4. Isochoric Cooling/Constant volume heat rejection: The entropy change for a constant volume process can be determined using ΔS = Qc/Tc, where Q is the heat rejected by the system and T is the temperature at which the heat is rejected.

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