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Thermodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Work in a Fluid System

Work in Expansion

A

W = ( - )

V2 > V1
dV = (+)

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2
Q

Work in a Fluid System

Work in Compression

A

W = ( + )

V1 > V2
dV = (-)

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3
Q

Work in a Fluid System

Work in Compression

A
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4
Q

Work is done on the system

A

Endergonic

+W

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5
Q

Work is done by the system

A

Exergonic

-W

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6
Q

Heat is absorbed by the system

A

Endothermic

+Q

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7
Q

Heat is released from the system

A

Exothermic

-Q

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8
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

“Energy can neither be created not destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another”.

ΔU = Q + W

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9
Q

Who wrote the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius

It was introduced by Julius Robert Mayer and later on, James Prescott Joule

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10
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

“Heat never flows from a colder body to a hotter body, except when external energy is applied”.

For a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases.

ΔS = Q/T

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11
Q

Who made the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson

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12
Q

It is based on Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics

A

Refrigeration

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13
Q

It is based on Kelvin Planck’s statement of second law of thermodynamics.

A

Heat Engine

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14
Q

Third Law of Thermodynamics

A

“the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero”.

A perfect crystal at zero Kelvin has zero entropy.

S = kB log W

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15
Q

Who developed the third law of thermodynamics?

A

Walther Nernst

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16
Q

Non-spontaneous

Entropy

A

ΔS,univ < 0

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17
Q

Reversible, equilibrium

Entropy

A

ΔS,univ = 0

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18
Q

Spontaneous

Entropy

A

ΔS,univ > 0

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19
Q

Who is known as the father of thermodynamics?

A

Sadi Carnot

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20
Q

What is the formula for calculating the change in entropy of a system?

A

ΔS = Q/T, where ΔS is the change in entropy, Q is the heat transferred, and T is the absolute temperature.

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21
Q

Who proposed the concept of thermodynamic equilibrium?

A

Ludwig Boltzmann

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22
Q

What is the name of the law that states the internal energy of a system is a function of its state?

A

The first law of thermodynamics

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23
Q

What is the name of the law that states the pressure and temperature of a gas are directly proportional when volume is constant?

A

Gay-Lussac’s law

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24
Q

What is the name of the law that states the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional when temperature is constant?

A

Boyle’s law

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25
What is the name of the law that states the volume and temperature of a gas are directly proportional when pressure is constant?
Charles's law
26
Who proposed the concept of heat engines
Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
27
What is the name of the process by which a gas changes phase directly into a solid without passing through the liquid phase?
Direct solidification
28
What is the name of the law that states the work done by a system is equal to the change in its internal energy?
The first law of thermodynamics.
29
What is the name of the law that states the work done by a system is equal to the change in its internal energy?
The first law of thermodynamics.
30
What is the name of the law that states the entropy of an isolated system always increases over time?
The second law of thermodynamics.
31
What is the name of the law that states the internal energy of a system is a state function?
The first law of thermodynamics.
32
What is the name of the law that states the total energy of a closed system is constant?
The law of conservation of energy.
32
What is the name of the law that states the total energy of a closed system is constant?
The law of conservation of energy.
33
What is the name of the process by which a gas changes phase into a plasma?
Ionization
34
What is the name of the process by which a plasma changes phase directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase?
Deionization
35
What is the name of the theoretical lowest possible temperature?
Absolute Zero
36
What is the formula for calculating the efficiency of a heat engine?
Efficiency = (W/QH) x 100%, where W is the work done by the engine and QH is the heat transferred to the engine from the hot reservoir.
37
What is the name of the law that states the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero?
The third law of thermodynamics
38
What is the name of the law that states the heat capacity of a substance is proportional to its mass?
The specific heat capacity.
39
What is the name of the law that states the heat transfer between two objects is proportional to the temperature difference between them?
Fourier's law.
40
What is the name of the process by which heat flows from a hotter object to a cooler object?
Heat Transfer
41
What is the name of the law that states the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of its kinetic energy and potential energy?
The law of equipartition of energy.
42
What is the name of the law that states the efficiency of a reversible heat engine is given by the ratio of the absolute temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs?
Carnot's theorem.
42
What is the name of the law that states the efficiency of a reversible heat engine is given by the ratio of the absolute temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs?
Carnot's theorem.
43
Van Der Waal's Equation
(P **+** a(n/V)^2) (V **-** nb)= nRT | Pressure adjusts for the attractions and volumes of a gas
44
Specific Heat of Ideal Gases
Monoatomic Gases Cp=5/2•R Cv= 3/2•R Diatomic Gases Cp=7/2•R Cv= 5/2•R Mono, Di. Five and seven. Which heat's which, now it's heaven. Cp>Cv: Countless Pizza > Cold Vodka (temperature)
45
Which law is the basis for the manufacture of thermometers?
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
46
Instances where work is zero
* No work in nozzle, it changed diameter only. * straight pipes
47
Instances where Heat, Q is zero.
* Insulated nozzle, etc. (No heat losses) * Adiabatic
48
Carnot Cycle
1. **Isothermal expansion: ΔS = Qʜ/Tʜ**, where Q is the heat absorbed by the system from the high-temperature reservoir at temperature T1. 2. **Adiabatic expansion: ΔS = 0**, since the process is reversible and adiabatic, so there is no heat exchange with the surroundings. 3. **Isothermal compression: ΔS = -Qc/Tc**, where Q is the heat released by the system to the low-temperature reservoir at temperature T2. 4. **Adiabatic compression: ΔS = 0**, for the same reason as in the adiabatic expansion.
49
# Entropy Non-flow means
Closed System
50
# Entropy Steady flow means
Open system ∆KE & ∆PE = 0 ∆H =± Q ± W
51
# Heat Effects Difference of heat of combustion at P=K and V=k
∆H = ∆U = RT•∆ng
52
# Heat Effects Clapeyron Equation
E4-13 ∆V = 1/p,liqd - 1/p,solid
53
# Heat Effects Clausius - Clapeyron Equation
E2-30
54
Normal Freezing Point Data
T = 0°C p = 1 atm ∆Hf = 80 cal/g
55
Normal Boiling Point Data
T = 100°C P = 1 atm ∆Hv = 540 cal/g
56
Quality
M = x(Msv) + (1-x)(MsL)
57
Assumption in Turbine
Adiabatic ∆S = 0
58
Adiabatic Pump
W, isentropic = V∆P **E4-51** ∆H =Cp∆T + V(1-βT)∆P ∆S = Cp•ln(T2/T1) - βV∆P # Foot note Note that W for isentropic is V=k and W normal is P=k
59
Otto Cycle
1. **Isentropic compression**: The entropy change for an isentropic process is zero **(ΔS = 0)** since it is a reversible adiabatic process. 2. **Isochoric Heating/Constant volume heat addition**: The entropy change for a constant volume process can be determined using the equation **ΔS = Qʜ/Tʜ**, where Q is the heat added to the system and T is the temperature at which the heat is added. 3. **Isentropic expansion**: Similar to the isentropic compression, the entropy change for this process is zero **(ΔS = 0)**. 4. **Isochoric Cooling/Constant volume heat rejection**: Again, the entropy change for a constant volume process can be determined using **ΔS = Qc/Tc**, where Q is the heat rejected by the system and T is the temperature at which the heat is rejected.
60
Diesel Cycle
1. **Isentropic compression**: The entropy change for an isentropic process is zero **(ΔS = 0)** since it is a reversible adiabatic process. 2. **Isobaric Heating/Constant pressure heat addition**: The entropy change for a constant pressure process can be determined using the equation **ΔS = Qʜ/Tʜ**, where Q is the heat added to the system and T is the temperature at which the heat is added. 3. **Isentropic expansion**: Similar to the isentropic compression, the entropy change for this process is zero **(ΔS = 0)**. 4. **Isochoric Cooling/Constant volume heat rejection**: The entropy change for a constant volume process can be determined using **ΔS = Qc/Tc**, where Q is the heat rejected by the system and T is the temperature at which the heat is rejected.

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