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Separation Processes Flashcards

1
Q

Ideal or Perfect Leaching

A

No inert is included in the extract

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2
Q

LEACHING

Composition of
1. Solution
2. Underflow

A
  1. Solution = Solute + Solvent
  2. Underflow = Solution + Inert

Underflow = Liquid + Solid

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3
Q

LEACHING

Constant Solution Retention

A

R = M sol’n / M inert

x or y = M solute / M sol’n

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4
Q

LEACHING

Equilibrium

A

y1 = x1

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5
Q

LEACHING

Tiller-Tour Equation

Determination of Stages

A

. log (x1 - y2 / xN - yN+1)
N = ————————————- +1
log (x1 - xN / y2 - yN+1)

Remember to add 1

Vertical X and Y
1 2 N, and N add 1.
Horizontal X and Y.
Swap XN, Y. and add 1.

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6
Q

LEACHING

y2

Determination of Stages

A

y2 = L/V (x1 - xN) + yN+1

Yellow two, length over velocity. Removen the Xs and add the Y with one side chick.

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7
Q

LEACHING

Efficiency

A

N, theo
η = ———————
N, actual

Always round N off to a whole number

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8
Q

LEACHING

Mass fraction of the solute in the extract in a constant solvent retention means

A

x or y = M solute / M solvent

it is not y1

MASS RATIO:
ex. mass fraction is …. 0.6; x1=y1=0.6V1/04.V1

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9
Q

LEACHING

  1. Counter-current
  2. Co-current

Leaching

A

(1)
V1 ←| |← V2
L0 →| |→ L1

(2)
S
↓
F →| |→ L
↓
V

V = y ; Extract
L = x ; Raffinate

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10
Q

LEACHING

When solving, always start with

A

Equilibrium: y1 = x1
-> a/V1 = F, solute - a/L1

Inert as basis if Retention is given and no feed amount is mentioned

Applicable in Counter current and Co-current systems

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11
Q

Rose oil is extracted from rose leaves using _____ distillation

A

Steam Distillation

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12
Q

When the solvent dissolves very little of solute then

A

large quantity of solvent is required to extract the solute

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13
Q

An ideal single stage extraction process is used to treat 100 mol/s of an organic feed solution. The solute concentration in this solution is to be reduced from 0.5 mol% to 0.1 mol%. A pure solvent S is used. To reduce the solvent requirement by half for the same separation

A

use another pure solvent S* whose partition coefficient is twice that of S

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14
Q

The triangle whose one corner coincides with the enriching line and the outer corner is on the stripping line is called the

A

Feed Plate

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15
Q

Flash distillation is suitable for the separation of components

A

having very wide boiling points.

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16
Q

Relative volatility varies with the concentration of component for an ideal solution. The relative volatity of a binary mixture may be defined as the ratio of vapor pressure of component ‘A’ to that of component ‘B’, when

A

vapor phase obeys Dalton’s law and liquid phase obeys Raoult’s law.

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17
Q

Leaching of coarse solid lumps is also termed as

A

Percolation

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18
Q

Large scale usage of flash distillation is practiced in

A

petroleum refinning

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19
Q

In an operating distillation column, the

A

driving force for the vapor flow is the pressure drop, as the pressure decreases gradually from the bottom to the top of the column.

20
Q

In case of steam distillation, the steam leaving the liquid is not completely saturated with distillate vapor, because

A

mixing of steam with the material being vaporised is not so intimate as to result in equilibrium condition.

21
Q

For a binary mixture distillation process, the degree of freedom is 2. However, if the pressure is fixed in this process, the number of independent variables in this process will be

A

1

22
Q

Partition Ratio if:
1. kD > 1
2. kD < 1

A
  1. kD > 1; E/R
  2. kD < 1; R/E

ex. Y = 2.2 X —> CE = 2.2 CR (kD=2.2)

23
Q

LLE

Shortcut Formula in getting solute A (in Raffinate) in a single/multiple stage extraction.

A

A,Rn = A,F (B / kD·S + B)^n

Rec = 1 - A,Rn/A,F

Rn = Raffinate in nth (last) extractor
Rec in extract

24
Q

LLE

Shortcut Formula in getting solute A (in Extract) in a single stage extraction.

(Partition Ratio)

A

A,E / S = kD (A,R / B)

A,R = A, F - A,E

25
Q

LLE

A solution of solute (A) in diluent (B) is mixed with solvent (S). The component (B) is slightly soluble in (S). The resulting extract will be

A

rich in S
poor in B
rich in A

26
Q

Distillation

  1. Partial Presure (Eqbm Pressure)
  2. Dalton Law of Partial Pressure
A
  1. Pi = Pi°·xi
  2. Pᴛ = ΣPi = ΣPi°·xi
    —-> Pi = Pᴛ·yi

∴ yi = Pi°·xi / Pᴛ

Pi° = Vapor Pressure
Pᴛ = Total Pressure
yi = equilibrium vapor
xi = equilibrium liquid

27
Q

Distillation

It is the start of boiling.

A

Bubble Point

28
Q

It is the start of condensation

A

Dew Point

29
Q

It is the liquid below Boiling Point.

A

Subcooled Liquid

30
Q

It is a pure vapor.

A

Superheated Vapor

31
Q

Distillation

BOILING POINT DIAGRAM

A

. ⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⢸⢯⡑⠒⠦⢤ Superheated⠀⠀⠀⠀
⢸⠀⠙⢦⡀⠀⠀⠉⠲⢤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
T ⢸⠀⠀⠀⠙⠢⡀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠓⢤<– DP
⢸⠀BP⠀–>⠑⠦⣄⡀⠀⠀⠈⠳⣄⠀
⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠒⠤⣀⡀⠈⠳⡄
⢸⠀Subcooled⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠙⠒⠾
⢸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
⠘⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒⠒
x or y

BP = bubble point
DP = dew point

32
Q

It is used for extraction of minerals (Gold and uranium ore)

A

Pachuka Tank

CH 18

33
Q

Radioactive nuclear waste is treated in

A

Pulsed Column Extractor

34
Q

In a counter-currrent extractor, as the axial mixing increases, the extraction efficiency

A

decreases

P18-59; Agitator - Speed is low

35
Q

Used for the extraction of oil from oil seed

A

Bollman extractor

36
Q

Commonly used leaching solvent in the vegetable industry

A

Hexane

37
Q

Antibiotic are best handled in a

A

Podbielnak Extractor

P15-83

38
Q

In counter current liquid extractor

A

One of the liquids maybe pumped at any desired rate

P15-26/48

39
Q

Raoult’s law is only applicable only if ideal solution, wherein the total volume of the mixture is the sum of individual volume.
An example of solution that will follow Raoult’s law most closely is

A

A solution of benzene, toluene, and oxylene

They have benzene ring or same structure

40
Q

Distillation

Relative Volatility

It is used to determine the ease of difficulty of separating components by distillation

A

αAB = PA°/PB°

       yA (1-xA) αAB = -------------
       xA (1-yA)

E13-20 (1=A; 2=B)

A = MVC; ↓BP ↑P
B = LVC ; ↑BP
xB = 1-xA
yB = 1-yA
αAB shouldn’t be close to 1

41
Q

5 Classifications of Distillation

A
  1. Bacth Distillation
  2. Flash Distilation
  3. Steam Distillation
  4. Simple Continuous Distillation
  5. Continuous Distillation with Reflux (Rectification)
42
Q

Batch Distillation

Rayleigh Equation

A

`
A1 B1
ln —- = αAB · ln ——
A2 B2

	             D       DA
              ↑        DB
	         |       |
	F     → |       |
	A1       |       |
	B1           ↓
	             B      A2
	                    B2

E13-127

B = residual Liquid

43
Q

Flash Distillation

Fraction of the feed vaporised

Formula for ƒ

A

` - (1-ƒ) x xF
y = ———- + ——-
ƒ ƒ

				        V       y
                  ↑ 
				    |       |
	F     → |       |
	xF        |       |
                  ↓
	                L      x

Compute x=xA using Relative volatility

ƒ = V/F (amount of feed vaporised

44
Q

Flash Distillation

Temperature of Liquid and Vapor when separated using the Txy diagram

A

` - (1-ƒ) x
M = ———-
ƒ

45
Q

Steam Distillation

Pounds of theoretical steam

A

’ nS Pᴛ - PB°
——- = ————
nB PB°

n = m/MW

PB° = HB

46
Q

Simple Continuous Distillation

Relative Volatility

A

’ DA BB
αAB = —— ·——-
DB BA

				       	 D       DA
                  ↑        DB
						  |       |
	F     → |       |
	A          |       |
	B              ↓
	                B      BA
	                         BB

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