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Semester 2 PM Exam 6 > Thermal Agents > Flashcards

Thermal Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Whole body stimulus
Response
Goal

A

Reflex response

Goal is to maintain core temp

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2
Q

Local Stimulus
Response
Goal

A

Localized response

Goal is tissue prevention

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3
Q

Heat relies on

A

Temperature gradients

Heat travels down a temp gradient

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4
Q

Mechanisms of heat transfer - Metabolic Rate

A

way of generating heat
90kcal/hr at rest
>900 with max exercise

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5
Q

Mechanisms of heat transfer - Radiation

A

Infra-red emission to, or from the body

Solar and thermal (photons) radiation

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6
Q

Mechanisms of heat transfer - Conduction

A

Transfer of heat by direct contact
Minor contributor of heat exchange in air
26x greater in water

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7
Q

Mechanisms of heat transfer - Convection

A

Transfer of heat from the skin surface to a moving liquid or gas - air temp is lower than skin will lose heat due to convection

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8
Q

Mechanisms of heat transfer - Evaporation

A

Heat lost with water conversion from liquid to vapor

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9
Q

Skin Vasculature

A

Upper and lower plexus
Papillary loops have large SA - good for heat exchange
Arterioles are highly innervated with sympathetic nerves to regulate BF
Veins achieve max compliance, low blood velocity

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10
Q

Whole Body Response

A

VC = cold
VD = hot
Heat loss = heat gain
Temp Homeostasis at 37 degrees C

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11
Q

Thermoregulatory zone

A

35-41 C

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12
Q

Heat from muscle to core via

A

convection of blood going through it (liquid that is moving)

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13
Q

Core and periphery uses what mechanism

A

Convection is a big one

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14
Q

Power of convection

A

Not just moving air or water

Very little heat transfer btw tissues by conduction

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15
Q

Convection and Skin blood flow

A

Controls dry hear loss in the cold (the more skin BF, the more heat loss you will have)
Works in tandem with sweat in the heat - tendency of SKBF to warm skin is balanced by tendency of sweat evaporation to cool skin
If no inc in flow, cant lose heat (elderly)

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16
Q

COuntercurrent Heat exchange

A

Heat exchange occurs where arterial blood warms venous blood returning to the body
Advantage is that it minimizes impact on core temp

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17
Q

Homeotherms maintain…

A

a constant core temp, NOT a constant blood temp

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18
Q

Receptors for whole body skin response - Cold Exposure

A 
Alpha adrenergic receptors with NE (60%)
Unknown cotransmitter (40%)
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19
Q

Receptors for whole body skin response - Heat exposure

A 
Muscarinic receptors with Ach (70%)
Unknown cotransmitter (30%)
20
Q

Acral (Glabrous) Skin

A 
Palms, soles of feet, lips, ears
Has arteriovenous anastamoses
- bypass of papillary loop
- deeper, less SA (less effective at heat exchange)
- involved in CIVD (hunting response)
- involved in Raynauds
21
Q

Nonacral (nonglabrous) skin

A

All other areas of skin (hairy skin)

22
Q

Cold Induced VD

A

Only present where there is AVAs

Does NOT occur in Raynauds

23
Q

Why Cold Induced VD good

A

Good because minimze risk of cold injury and inc finger dexterity and is trainable

24
Q

Why COld Induced VD Bad

A

Bad because dec VC and heat retention

25
Q

Mechanism for Cold Induced VD

A

Mechanism = synaptic transmission is interrupted

26
Q

What innervates skin - Motor

A

Autonomic - Sympathetic (dual innervation)
Adrenergic
Cholinergic (only in nonglabrous)

27
Q

What innervates skin - Sensory

A 
From small unmyelinated nerve fibers to large unmyelinated 
C fibers
A delta
A beta
A alpha
28
Q

C fibers

A

Mechanical stimulation, crude touch, slow pain, and temp warm

29
Q

A delta

A

sharp pain, inflammation, pressure, temp cold

30
Q

A beta

A

touch, hair

31
Q

A alpha

A

deep touch, pressure

32
Q

Normal temp and what temps lead to pain

A

Normal = 34 C

15 or 45 - pain

33
Q

Local Responses to Hear Mediated by

A

Axon Reflex - flare response
NO - plateau
Vasoconstrictor nerves die away

34
Q

Axon Reflex

A

Mediated by warm sensitive afferent nerve antidromatic release CGRP, sub P
Associated with inflammatory response
Occurs naturally with local heating

35
Q

Application of heating agent - Superficial Heat

A

Does not affect deep tissues
Ex = whirlpool, heat pack, infrared heat lamp
Modality affects mechanism of transfer
Dilated cutaneous vessels transfer heat to core - dissipates heat faster
Deep tissues also VD
Renetention of heat in skin/fat

36
Q

Application of heating agent - deep heat

A

Do increase deep tissue temp

Ex = ultrasound, diathermy

37
Q

Local Response to cold - Mediated by

A

Inhibition of NO
Inc in Alpha 2c adrenergic receptors available
COld sensitive afferent (antidromatic release)

38
Q

Raynauds Phenomenon

A

Pallor - cyanosis - rubor and swelling and paresthesia
Mechanism - excess alpha 2c adrenergic receptors, stress, caffeine, smoking
Tx - calcium channel blocker

39
Q

Application of Cooling Agent - SUperfifical cold

A

Affects both surface and deep tissues
Surface cools faster/more than deeper tissue
Temp vs. duration - asymptomatic curve
Rewarming takes longer than cooling (more insulation and less BF)
Localised applied region
Dec intra articular temp

40
Q

Tissue injury can occur from applying thermal agents how

A

local temp over 42-44 or less than 15 will cause burn

41
Q

What to look for with tissue injury

A 
Redness
Itchiness
Pain
Swelling/edema
Unusual coloring
Blistering
42
Q

What to consider when applying thermal agents

A 
insensitivity to pain or temp
Tissue thickness
Raynauds
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Pregnancy
43
Q

How long apply thermal agens

A

20 min (30 min nma)

44
Q

Neuromuscular effects - cold

A

Dec conduction velocity
Dec spasticity and spasm
Dec pain
Dec muscular force production

45
Q

Neuromuscular effects - heat

A

Inc conduction velocity
Dec spasticity and spasm
Dec pain

Semester 2 PM Exam 6 (10 decks)

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