Theriogenology III (20-30) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 mechanical barriers to infection in the equine uterus?
A
Vulva
Vestibulovaginal fold
Cervix
2
Q
Identify the anatomy of the mare.
A
3
Q
During estrus, the mare has ____ immunological defenses and _____ mechanical defenses.
A
4
Q
During diestrus, the mare has ____ immunological defenses and _____ mechanical defenses.
A
5
Q
Describe the muco-ciliary clearance mechanism of the mare’s uterus.
A
6
Q
Identify the mare reproductive anatomy.
A
7
Q
The mare ovaries are generally found at ____ and ___ by the shaft of the ileum.
A
8
Q
Identify the anatomy of the mare reproductive system.
A
9
Q
Identify the pathology.
A
10
Q
Identify the mare reproduction active and describe its clinical significance.
A
11
Q
Identity what is happening to the mare’s ovaries in these images.
A
12
Q
Identify the microanatomy of the mare’s ovary.
A
13
Q
Identify the microanatomy of the mare’s ovary.
A
14
Q
Identify the microanatomy of the mare’s ovary.
A
15
Q
Identify the anatomy of the mare’s ovary.
A
16
Q
There is a prominent____ and ____ released from an equine embryo. It takes about ___ for the embryo to reach the uterus. An ___ will NOT pass into the uterus.
A
17
Q
Identify the mare reproductive anatomy.
A
18
Q
Describe the normal external anatomy of the mare vulva.
A
19
Q
Describe the abnormal or unfavorable external anatomy of the mare vulva.
A
20
Q
How can we use the windsucker test to assess the perineal conformation in the mare?
A
21
Q
What procedure is being performed in this picture?
A
22
Q
What are the indications for a caslick’s vulvoplasty?
A
23
Q
Identify the external anatomy of the female reproductive system.
A
24
Q
The mare clitoris harbored a number of bacteria and is cultured as part of an import/export requirement. ____ is one of the diseases that affects the clitoral sinus. The causative bacteria is ____.
A
25
What are the behavioral signs of estrus in the mare?
26
What are behavioral signs of the mare when she is not in estrus?
27
Describe what you will find during your clinical assessment of the mare in estrus.
28
Describe what you will find during your clinical assessment of the mare in diestrus.
29
Describe what you will find during your clinical assessment of the mare in anestrus.
30
What is the mare doing in these images?
31
What will you find in your speculum exam of a mare’s vagina during estrus?
32
What will you find in your speculum exam of a mare’s vagina during diestrus?
33
What will you find in your speculum exam of a mare’s cervix during estrus?
34
What will you find in your speculum exam of a mare’s cervix during diestrus?
35
This is what you see in your cervix speculum exam of the mare. What stage of estrous is she in?
36
This is what you see in your cervix speculum exam of the mare. What stage of estrous is she in?
37
During your speculum exam of the mare’s cervix/vagina, you should also examine for _____.
38
Describe the characteristics of the mare estrous cycle.
39
The mare spends about ____ days in heat and ___ days out of heat. She will ovulated about ___ before the end of estrus.
40
Describe the pathophysiology of the estrous cycle in the mare.
41
Describe equine long daylight breeders.
42
Draw out the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (ovarian) axis in then mare.
43
Draw out the pathophysiology of the spring transition to cyclicity in the mare.
44
Identify what is happening in the mare’s estrous cycle.
45
How can we lengthen the breeding season in the mare?
46
How does the presence of the foal affect the mare’s ability to come back into heat?
47
List the desired effects of manipulation on the estrous cycle.
48
How do we use progesterone in the mare to manipulate the estrous cycle?
49
How do we use progesterone and estradiol in the mare to manipulate the estrous cycle?
50
How do we use deslorelin in the mare to manipulate the estrous cycle?
51
How do we use human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the mare to manipulate the estrous cycle?
52
Describe the risk of a double pregnancy in mares associated with the use of pro-ovulatory drugs.
53
How do we use oxytocin in the mare to manipulate the estrous cycle?
54
How do we use prostaglandin F2a in the mare to manipulate the estrous cycle?
55
What are the side effects of prostaglandin F2a in the mare?
56
What are the guidelines to when we can administer prostaglandin F2a in a mare to manipulate her estrous cycle?
57
What is an ecbolic?
58
What is a tocolytic?
59
How do we use prostaglandin F2a to manipulate uterine tone in the mare?
60
How do we use oxytocin to manipulate uterine tone in the mare?
61
How do we use terbutaline to manipulate uterine tone in the mare?
62
What is included in a regular mare breeding soundness examination?
63
List some indications for mare breeding soundness examinations.
64
What do we assess for when looking at vulvar conformation of the mare?
65
Identify the different pathologies of the mare vulva.
66
List the order of procedures when we assess vulvar conformation in the mare.
67
What diagnostic is this veterinarian performing? Identify the subsequent pathology.
68
What are the indications for a uterine cytology in the mare?
69
What are the indictions for a uterine biopsy in the mare?
70
Describe uterine biopsy grades I-III in the mare.
71
What are the different hormones we should assess during a soundness breeding exam of the mare? What information does it reveal?
72
What is a non-cyclic mare? What is our first step in dealing with one?
73
What are retained endometrial cups? How do we diagnose and treat it?
74
What is prolonged diestrus/pseudopregnancy in the mare? What are some causes?
75
What is gonadal dysgenesis? What are the signs?
76
What are male pseudohermaphrodites?
77
What are female pseudohermaphrodites?
78
What is a “transitional” mare?
79
Describe winter anestrus in the mare.
80
Describe the prevalence of granulosa theca cell tumors in the mare. What are the clinical signs, hormone levels and treatment?
81
Describe behavioral anestrus in the mare. What are some common causes and what is the treatment?
82
Describe an anovulatory follicle or hemorrhagic anovulator follicle as a cause for ovarian shutdown in the mare.
83
Describe reproductive senescence as a cause for ovarian shutdown in the mare.
84
Describe nutrition as a cause for ovarian shutdown in the mare.
85
Describe anterior pituitary dysfunction as a cause for ovarian shutdown in the mare.
86
List some causes of a non-cyclic mare that subsequently lead to infertility.
87
List some reasons for failure to conceive that subsequently lead to infertility.
88
List some reasons for embryo loss in the mare.
89
What is endometritis? What are some causes?
90
How do we diagnose endometritis in the mare?
91
Describe post-mating induced endometritis in the mare.
92
Describe a semen reaction as a cause of endometritis in the mare.
93
What is the treatment for endometritis in the mare?
94
What is metritis? What are some clinical signs we may see in the mare?
95
What is the treatment for metritis in the mare?
96
What is the etiology of a pyometra in the mare?
97
What are the clinical signs of a pyometra in the mare?
98
Describe the pathophysiology and prognosis for a pyometra in the mare.
99
What are the different uterine defense mechanisms in the mare?
100
Describe immunologic clearance as a uterine defense mechanism in the mare.
101
Describe mechanical clearance as a uterine defense mechanism in the mare.
102
Describe the normal uterine defense mechanism in a healthy mare.
103
Describe the abnormal uterine defense mechanism in a susceptible mare.
104
Describe luteal deficiencies in the mare. How do we treat it?
105
Name the different progesterone products that we use in the horse.
106
Define early embryonic death as it relates to equine reproduction.
107
Define abortion as it relates to equine reproduction.
108
Define immature foals as it relates to equine reproduction.
109
Define dysmature foals as it relates to equine reproduction.
110
Define postmature foals as it relates to equine reproduction.
111
What are the roles of secondary or supplemental CLs in maintain pregnancies in the mare?
112
What is the role of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) or pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) in maintaining a pregnancy in the mare?
113
What is the role of progestagens in maintaining pregnancy in the mare?
114
What is the role of estrogens in maintaining pregnancy in the mare?
115
What is the role of progesterones in maintaining pregnancy in the mare?
116
What is the normal length of gestation in the mare?
Ranges from 320-280+, averages 340
117
What will an equine pregnancy feel like at 25-30 days?
118
What will an equine pregnancy feel like at 35-40 days?
119
What will an equine pregnancy feel like at 45-50 days?
120
In the mare, the fetus is palpable by _____. From days _____ the fetus is over the pelvis and difficult to reach. The fetus moves dorsally by day ____.
121
Differentiate between the specular reflections in the mare.
122
What happens during day 5-6 of gestation in the mare?
123
What happens during day 17 of gestation in the mare?
124
What happens during day 25 of gestation in the mare?
125
What happens during day 35-40 of gestation in the mare?
126
What happens during day 90-100 of gestation in the mare?
127
What happens during day 100-120 of gestation in the mare?
128
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
129
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
130
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
131
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
132
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
133
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
134
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
135
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
136
Identify the different anatomical parts.
137
List some of the non-infectious causes of abortion in the mare.
138
What are monozygotic twins?
139
What are dizygotic twins?
140
What is the etiology of twins in the equine?
141
What are the risk factors associated with twinning in the mare?
142
What are the possible outcomes of twins in the mare?
143
Why is a twin pregnancy in the mare undesirable?
144
How do we diagnose twins in the mare?
145
What is a post-fixation reduction of a twin pregnancy?
146
What is a unilateral fixation when it comes to twin pregnancy in the mare?
147
What is a bilateral fixation when it comes to twin pregnancy in the mare?
148
Identify the type of twin pregnancy in the mare.
149
Identify the type of twin pregnancy in the mare.
150
Identify the type of twin pregnancy in the mare.
151
Identify the type of placentation in the mare.
152
Identify the type of placentation in the mare.
153
Identify the type of placentation in the mare.
154
What are some breeding strategies to managing twins in the mare?
155
What are the different embryonic/fetal reduction techniques we have in the mare?
156
Describe the general process of a manual reduction/crushing to terminate twins in the mare.
157
Describe the ideal timeframe for Manuela or ultrasound assisted crushing as a strategy to termite a twin pregnancy in the mare.
158
Describe a trans-vaginal ultrasound guided aspiration as a strategy to terminate a twin pregnancy in a mare.
159
Describe a fetal cranio-cervical dislocation as a strategy to terminate a twin pregnancy in a mare.
160
Describe an ultrasound guided intra-cardiac puncture as a strategy to terminate a twin pregnancy in a mare.
161
What are some factors we need to consider when deciding how to manage twins in the mare?
162
Endometrial cup formation occurs around day ___ of gestation.
163
Describe the effects of pregnancy termination of a mare prior to 30 days of gestation.
164
Describe the effects of pregnancy termination of a mare after 30 days of gestation.
165
List of the general complications of pregnancy in the mare.
166
Describe the incidence of abortion in the mare.
167
List some non-infectious causes of abortion in the mare.
168
List some infectious causes of abortion in the mare.
169
What are the three routes of bacterial infections to the uterus?
170
How can you tell if abortion is from a trans cervical infection in the mare?
171
What are the clinical signs of placentitis in the mare?
172
List the different types of placentitis in the mare.
173
Describe the general pathophysiology of ascending placentitis in the mare.
174
List some of the most common etiological agents of bacterial abortion in the mare.
175
Identify the anatomy.
176
Describe nocadioform actinomyces as a causative agent for bacterial abortion in the mare.
177
What is unique to hematogenous placentitis?
178
How do we diagnose placentitis in the mare?
179
What is the gold standard treatment for placentitis in the mare?
180
What stains of herpes are the most significant for abortion in the mare?
181
Describe the transmission of EHV.
182
Describe the pathogenesis of EHV.
183
Describe the typical clinical picture for a mare infected with EHV.
184
How do we prevent and control for EHV in the mare?
185
What are the non-infectious causes of abortion in the mare?
186
What is fetal mummification?
187
What is fetal maceration?
188
Describe the prevalence and typical orientation of a uterine torsion in the mare.
189
What are the clinical signs of uterine torsion in the mare?
190
How do we diagnose uterine torsion in the mare?
191
How do we treat uterine torsion in the mare?
192
Describe vaginal varicose veins in the mare.
193
What are some things we do to prepare the mare for foaling?
194
What are some parameters we can use to estimate mare parturition?
195
What are the indications that help us predict when a mare is going to foal?
196
Describe the role of an unrelaxed cervix in a peripartuant mare.
197
What is the relative electrolyte concentration of mare milk I just days before parturition?
198
Describe the role of a calcium test kit to predict when a mare is going to foal.
199
Describe the role of a water hardness test strip to predict when a mare is going to foal.
200
Describe the role of milk pH to predict when a mare is going to foal.
201
What are some confounders that can disrupt our ability to estimate parturition in the mare?
202
What are the clinical signs of stage I parturition in the mare?
203
What are the clinical signs of stage II parturition in the mare?
204
What are the clinical signs of stage III parturition in the mare?
205
Describe premature placental separation in the mare.
206
What is going on with this mare in the picture?
207
What is going on with this mare in the picture?
208
What are some causes of premature placental separation in the mare?
209
What is this?
210
What are some reasons to induce parturition in the mare?
211
What are some side effects to inducing parturition in the mare?
212
How do we terminate pregnancy in the mare before day 30?
213
How do we terminate pregnancy in the mare after day 35?
214
How do we use steroids to terminate pregnancy in the mare? What are the side effects?
215
Describe the use of oxytocin as an induction drug in the mare.
216
How do we prep the mare placenta for assessment?
217
What is this?
218
Which uterine horn held the pregnancy?
219
What is this?
220
How do we use umbilical cord length to assess the mare’s placenta?
221
How do we use weight to assess the mare’s placenta?
222
How do we assess the avillous areas of the mare placenta?
223
Describe the consequences of an umbilical cord torsion in the mare.
224
What are some common lesions we may find on the chorioallantois?
225
What structure of the mare placenta is this?
226
What structure of the mare placenta is this?
227
What structure of the mare placenta is this?
Cervical star
228
What structure of the mare placenta is this?
229
What structure of the mare placenta is this?
230
Identify the pathology in this mare’s placenta.
231
Identify the pathology in this mare’s placenta.
232
Describe the significance of a dystocia in the mare.
233
List some maternal causes for dystocia in the mare.
234
List some fetal causes for dystocia in the mare.
235
The ____ determines the size of the foal.
236
Describe the incidence of dystocia based on different horse breeds.
237
Describe the Vandeplassche positioning of the foal during a dystocia.
238
How do we prepare the mare who is having a dystocia?
239
Describe your quick exam of a mare in dystocia prior to treatment.
240
Why is it important to get the fetus delivered quickly and efficiently in the mare?
241
What are the different methods of correction/delivery for a dystocia in a mare?
242
Describe “E.X.I.T” as a strategy to managing a dystocia in the mare.
243
Describe mutation as an obstetric operation in the mare.
244
What are the different epidural options in the mare? Mention the onset and durations.
245
Describe traction as a part of a dystocia treatment.
246
Describe the aftercare of the mare following a dystocia.
247
What is this? Describe the clinical significance.
248
Describe the indications and general procedure of a cesarean section in the mare.
249
What is the treatment for vaginal trauma in the mare?
250
When should you perform a fetotomy in the mare?
251
What are retained fetal membranes?
252
Describe the Burn’s technique as a treatment option for retained fetal membranes in the mare.
253
Describe umbilical vein infusion as a treatment option for retained fetal membranes in the mare.
254
Describe the supportive care treatment for retained fetal membranes in the mare.
255
Identify the anatomy.
256
Identify the stallion anatomy.
257
Identify the stallion anatomy.
258
Identify the stallion anatomy.
259
Identify the stallion anatomy.
260
When should a BSE be performed on a stallion?
261
List the different parts of a breeding soundness exam in the stallion.
262
How do we use our general physical exam as a part of our breeding soundness exam in the stallion?
263
How often should we test a stallion for equine viral arthritis? What should we do if the serum is negative?
264
What should we do if our stallion’s serum is positive?
265
How do we utilize palpation during our breeding soundness exam of the stallion?
266
How do we utilize ultrasound during our breeding soundness exam of the stallion?
267
How do we evaluate testicular size in the stallion? Why is it important?
268
Describe the general process of collecting an aerobic culture in the stallion reproductive system.
269
List some of the normal flora in the penis/urethra of the stallion.
270
List some of the abnormal flora in the penis/urethra of the stallion.
271
Stallions are _____ of most veneral organisms.
272
Identify the internal genitalia of the stallion.
273
What are the different methods of semen collection in the stallion?
274
Artificial vaginas, as a method to semen collection in the stallion, are both ____ and ____ sensitive.
275
What are the pros and cons of this artificial vagina?
276
What are the pros and cons of this artificial vagina?
277
What are the pros and cons of this artificial vagina?
278
What are the pros and cons to using a phantom as a semen collection method in the stallion?
279
List some of the different stallion reproductive behaviors.
280
What are some negative reinforcement that are used to manage stallion reproductive behavior?
281
How do we use mare interactions to influence stallion reproduction behavior?
282
Is this a normal stallion penis?
283
Describe the first fraction of ejaculation from the stallion.
284
Describe the second fraction of ejaculation from the stallion.
285
Describe the third fraction of ejaculation from the stallion.
286
What is the time frame for spermatogenesis and spermatozoa maturation in the stallion? What is the clinical significance of this time frame?
287
What are the different ways we evaluate sperm?
288
How do we grossly assess sperm in the stallion?
289
How do we assess sperm motility in the stallion? What is the clinical significance?
290
How do we assess sperm concentration in the stallion?
291
How do we assess sperm morphology in the stallion?
292
What stain was used on this slide? What are the arrows pointing to?
293
Identify the different abnormal round cells you may find on a sperm slide.
294
Describe the different biochemical testing that is an optional addition to an BSE in the stallion.
295
What is the normal amount of progressively motile, morphologically normal spermatozoa in the stallion?
296
List the different criteria that determine a stallion as a satisfactory breeder.
297
A stallion that is deemed a satisfactory breed should impregnate __% of a full book of mares in __ normal estrous cycle with fresh semen.
298
What criteria would deem a stallion a questionable or unsatisfactory breeder? When should you re-test the stallion?
299
300
What are the different kinds of breeding injuries we may find in a horse?
301
What is this? Describe the clinical significance.
302
Is this a normal stallion penis?
303
What is stallion testicular degeneration? What are the most common causes?
304
How do we diagnose stallion testicular degeneration using hormone testing?
305
How do we differentiate testicular degeneration from hypoplasia in the stallion?
306
Differentiate between mild and severe testicular degeneration in the stallion.
307
What will the tunica albuginea and epididymides feel like in a stallion with testicular degeneration.
308
What is testicular torsion? How do we diagnose it?
309
How do we use epididymal palpation to determine testicular torsion in the stallion?
310
How do we use testicular palpation to determine testicular torsion in the stallion?
311
What are some causes of orchiditis in the stallion?
312
What is the treatment for orchiditis in the stallion?
313
What are the causes of epididymitis in the stallion?
314
What are the clinical signs of epididymitis in the stallion?
315
What is the treatment for epididymitis in the stallion?
316
Name and describe the different testicular neoplasias we may find in the stallion.
317
What is the prognosis for testicular neoplasia in the stallion?
318
List your differential for a stallion with an enlarged scrotum.
319
Describe the prevalence, clinical presentation and treatment for SCC on the stallion penis.
320
Describe the causative agent, clinical presentation and treatment for summer sores in the stallion.
321
What is paraphimosis?
322
What is the treatment and prognosis for a stallion with paraphimosis?
323
What is phimosis? What are the clinical signs and treatment?
324
What is priapism? What is the treatment?
325
What is proud cut? What are some clinical signs and how do we diagnose it?
326
What is the easiest difference to spot between an alpaca and a llama?
327
A male camelid is called a ____.
328
List the clinically relevant anatomy of the male camelid.
329
Describe the relevant clinical anatomy of the camelid fibroelastic penis.
330
Describe the scrotal/urethral anatomy of the male camelid.
331
What is the value in test breeding a male camelid?
