Theriogenology III (20-30) Flashcards
What are the 3 mechanical barriers to infection in the equine uterus?
Vulva
Vestibulovaginal fold
Cervix
Identify the anatomy of the mare.
During estrus, the mare has ____ immunological defenses and _____ mechanical defenses.
During diestrus, the mare has ____ immunological defenses and _____ mechanical defenses.
Describe the muco-ciliary clearance mechanism of the mare’s uterus.
Identify the mare reproductive anatomy.
The mare ovaries are generally found at ____ and ___ by the shaft of the ileum.
Identify the anatomy of the mare reproductive system.
Identify the pathology.
Identify the mare reproduction active and describe its clinical significance.
Identity what is happening to the mare’s ovaries in these images.
Identify the microanatomy of the mare’s ovary.
Identify the microanatomy of the mare’s ovary.
Identify the microanatomy of the mare’s ovary.
Identify the anatomy of the mare’s ovary.
There is a prominent____ and ____ released from an equine embryo. It takes about ___ for the embryo to reach the uterus. An ___ will NOT pass into the uterus.
Identify the mare reproductive anatomy.
Describe the normal external anatomy of the mare vulva.
Describe the abnormal or unfavorable external anatomy of the mare vulva.
How can we use the windsucker test to assess the perineal conformation in the mare?
What procedure is being performed in this picture?
What are the indications for a caslick’s vulvoplasty?
Identify the external anatomy of the female reproductive system.
The mare clitoris harbored a number of bacteria and is cultured as part of an import/export requirement. ____ is one of the diseases that affects the clitoral sinus. The causative bacteria is ____.
What are the behavioral signs of estrus in the mare?
What are behavioral signs of the mare when she is not in estrus?
Describe what you will find during your clinical assessment of the mare in estrus.
Describe what you will find during your clinical assessment of the mare in diestrus.
Describe what you will find during your clinical assessment of the mare in anestrus.
What is the mare doing in these images?
What will you find in your speculum exam of a mare’s vagina during estrus?
What will you find in your speculum exam of a mare’s vagina during diestrus?
What will you find in your speculum exam of a mare’s cervix during estrus?
What will you find in your speculum exam of a mare’s cervix during diestrus?
This is what you see in your cervix speculum exam of the mare. What stage of estrous is she in?
This is what you see in your cervix speculum exam of the mare. What stage of estrous is she in?
During your speculum exam of the mare’s cervix/vagina, you should also examine for _____.
Describe the characteristics of the mare estrous cycle.
The mare spends about ____ days in heat and ___ days out of heat. She will ovulated about ___ before the end of estrus.
Describe the pathophysiology of the estrous cycle in the mare.
Describe equine long daylight breeders.
Draw out the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (ovarian) axis in then mare.
Draw out the pathophysiology of the spring transition to cyclicity in the mare.
Identify what is happening in the mare’s estrous cycle.
How can we lengthen the breeding season in the mare?
How does the presence of the foal affect the mare’s ability to come back into heat?
List the desired effects of manipulation on the estrous cycle.
How do we use progesterone in the mare to manipulate the estrous cycle?
How do we use progesterone and estradiol in the mare to manipulate the estrous cycle?
How do we use deslorelin in the mare to manipulate the estrous cycle?
How do we use human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the mare to manipulate the estrous cycle?
Describe the risk of a double pregnancy in mares associated with the use of pro-ovulatory drugs.
How do we use oxytocin in the mare to manipulate the estrous cycle?
How do we use prostaglandin F2a in the mare to manipulate the estrous cycle?
What are the side effects of prostaglandin F2a in the mare?
What are the guidelines to when we can administer prostaglandin F2a in a mare to manipulate her estrous cycle?
What is an ecbolic?
What is a tocolytic?
How do we use prostaglandin F2a to manipulate uterine tone in the mare?
How do we use oxytocin to manipulate uterine tone in the mare?
How do we use terbutaline to manipulate uterine tone in the mare?
What is included in a regular mare breeding soundness examination?
List some indications for mare breeding soundness examinations.
What do we assess for when looking at vulvar conformation of the mare?
Identify the different pathologies of the mare vulva.
List the order of procedures when we assess vulvar conformation in the mare.
What diagnostic is this veterinarian performing? Identify the subsequent pathology.
What are the indications for a uterine cytology in the mare?
What are the indictions for a uterine biopsy in the mare?
Describe uterine biopsy grades I-III in the mare.
What are the different hormones we should assess during a soundness breeding exam of the mare? What information does it reveal?
What is a non-cyclic mare? What is our first step in dealing with one?
What are retained endometrial cups? How do we diagnose and treat it?
What is prolonged diestrus/pseudopregnancy in the mare? What are some causes?
What is gonadal dysgenesis? What are the signs?
What are male pseudohermaphrodites?
What are female pseudohermaphrodites?
What is a “transitional” mare?
Describe winter anestrus in the mare.
Describe the prevalence of granulosa theca cell tumors in the mare. What are the clinical signs, hormone levels and treatment?
Describe behavioral anestrus in the mare. What are some common causes and what is the treatment?
Describe an anovulatory follicle or hemorrhagic anovulator follicle as a cause for ovarian shutdown in the mare.
Describe reproductive senescence as a cause for ovarian shutdown in the mare.
Describe nutrition as a cause for ovarian shutdown in the mare.
Describe anterior pituitary dysfunction as a cause for ovarian shutdown in the mare.
List some causes of a non-cyclic mare that subsequently lead to infertility.
List some reasons for failure to conceive that subsequently lead to infertility.
List some reasons for embryo loss in the mare.
What is endometritis? What are some causes?
How do we diagnose endometritis in the mare?
Describe post-mating induced endometritis in the mare.
Describe a semen reaction as a cause of endometritis in the mare.
What is the treatment for endometritis in the mare?
What is metritis? What are some clinical signs we may see in the mare?
What is the treatment for metritis in the mare?
What is the etiology of a pyometra in the mare?
What are the clinical signs of a pyometra in the mare?
Describe the pathophysiology and prognosis for a pyometra in the mare.
What are the different uterine defense mechanisms in the mare?
Describe immunologic clearance as a uterine defense mechanism in the mare.
Describe mechanical clearance as a uterine defense mechanism in the mare.
Describe the normal uterine defense mechanism in a healthy mare.
Describe the abnormal uterine defense mechanism in a susceptible mare.
Describe luteal deficiencies in the mare. How do we treat it?
Name the different progesterone products that we use in the horse.
Define early embryonic death as it relates to equine reproduction.
Define abortion as it relates to equine reproduction.
Define immature foals as it relates to equine reproduction.
Define dysmature foals as it relates to equine reproduction.
Define postmature foals as it relates to equine reproduction.
What are the roles of secondary or supplemental CLs in maintain pregnancies in the mare?
What is the role of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) or pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) in maintaining a pregnancy in the mare?
What is the role of progestagens in maintaining pregnancy in the mare?
What is the role of estrogens in maintaining pregnancy in the mare?
What is the role of progesterones in maintaining pregnancy in the mare?
What is the normal length of gestation in the mare?
Ranges from 320-280+, averages 340
What will an equine pregnancy feel like at 25-30 days?
What will an equine pregnancy feel like at 35-40 days?
What will an equine pregnancy feel like at 45-50 days?
In the mare, the fetus is palpable by _____. From days _____ the fetus is over the pelvis and difficult to reach. The fetus moves dorsally by day ____.
Differentiate between the specular reflections in the mare.
What happens during day 5-6 of gestation in the mare?
What happens during day 17 of gestation in the mare?
What happens during day 25 of gestation in the mare?
What happens during day 35-40 of gestation in the mare?
What happens during day 90-100 of gestation in the mare?
What happens during day 100-120 of gestation in the mare?
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
Identify which day of pregnancy this mare is in.
Identify the different anatomical parts.
List some of the non-infectious causes of abortion in the mare.
What are monozygotic twins?
What are dizygotic twins?
What is the etiology of twins in the equine?
What are the risk factors associated with twinning in the mare?
What are the possible outcomes of twins in the mare?
Why is a twin pregnancy in the mare undesirable?
How do we diagnose twins in the mare?
What is a post-fixation reduction of a twin pregnancy?
What is a unilateral fixation when it comes to twin pregnancy in the mare?
What is a bilateral fixation when it comes to twin pregnancy in the mare?
Identify the type of twin pregnancy in the mare.
Identify the type of twin pregnancy in the mare.
Identify the type of twin pregnancy in the mare.
Identify the type of placentation in the mare.
Identify the type of placentation in the mare.
Identify the type of placentation in the mare.
What are some breeding strategies to managing twins in the mare?
What are the different embryonic/fetal reduction techniques we have in the mare?
Describe the general process of a manual reduction/crushing to terminate twins in the mare.
Describe the ideal timeframe for Manuela or ultrasound assisted crushing as a strategy to termite a twin pregnancy in the mare.
Describe a trans-vaginal ultrasound guided aspiration as a strategy to terminate a twin pregnancy in a mare.
Describe a fetal cranio-cervical dislocation as a strategy to terminate a twin pregnancy in a mare.
Describe an ultrasound guided intra-cardiac puncture as a strategy to terminate a twin pregnancy in a mare.
What are some factors we need to consider when deciding how to manage twins in the mare?
Endometrial cup formation occurs around day ___ of gestation.
Describe the effects of pregnancy termination of a mare prior to 30 days of gestation.
Describe the effects of pregnancy termination of a mare after 30 days of gestation.
List of the general complications of pregnancy in the mare.
Describe the incidence of abortion in the mare.
List some non-infectious causes of abortion in the mare.
List some infectious causes of abortion in the mare.
What are the three routes of bacterial infections to the uterus?
How can you tell if abortion is from a trans cervical infection in the mare?
What are the clinical signs of placentitis in the mare?
List the different types of placentitis in the mare.
Describe the general pathophysiology of ascending placentitis in the mare.
List some of the most common etiological agents of bacterial abortion in the mare.
Identify the anatomy.
Describe nocadioform actinomyces as a causative agent for bacterial abortion in the mare.
What is unique to hematogenous placentitis?
How do we diagnose placentitis in the mare?
What is the gold standard treatment for placentitis in the mare?
What stains of herpes are the most significant for abortion in the mare?
Describe the transmission of EHV.
Describe the pathogenesis of EHV.
Describe the typical clinical picture for a mare infected with EHV.
How do we prevent and control for EHV in the mare?
What are the non-infectious causes of abortion in the mare?
What is fetal mummification?
What is fetal maceration?
Describe the prevalence and typical orientation of a uterine torsion in the mare.
What are the clinical signs of uterine torsion in the mare?
How do we diagnose uterine torsion in the mare?
How do we treat uterine torsion in the mare?
Describe vaginal varicose veins in the mare.
What are some things we do to prepare the mare for foaling?
What are some parameters we can use to estimate mare parturition?
What are the indications that help us predict when a mare is going to foal?
Describe the role of an unrelaxed cervix in a peripartuant mare.
What is the relative electrolyte concentration of mare milk I just days before parturition?
Describe the role of a calcium test kit to predict when a mare is going to foal.
Describe the role of a water hardness test strip to predict when a mare is going to foal.
Describe the role of milk pH to predict when a mare is going to foal.
What are some confounders that can disrupt our ability to estimate parturition in the mare?
What are the clinical signs of stage I parturition in the mare?
What are the clinical signs of stage II parturition in the mare?
What are the clinical signs of stage III parturition in the mare?
Describe premature placental separation in the mare.
What is going on with this mare in the picture?
What is going on with this mare in the picture?
What are some causes of premature placental separation in the mare?
What is this?
What are some reasons to induce parturition in the mare?
What are some side effects to inducing parturition in the mare?
How do we terminate pregnancy in the mare before day 30?
How do we terminate pregnancy in the mare after day 35?
How do we use steroids to terminate pregnancy in the mare? What are the side effects?
Describe the use of oxytocin as an induction drug in the mare.
How do we prep the mare placenta for assessment?
What is this?
Which uterine horn held the pregnancy?
What is this?
How do we use umbilical cord length to assess the mare’s placenta?
How do we use weight to assess the mare’s placenta?
How do we assess the avillous areas of the mare placenta?
Describe the consequences of an umbilical cord torsion in the mare.
What are some common lesions we may find on the chorioallantois?
What structure of the mare placenta is this?
What structure of the mare placenta is this?
What structure of the mare placenta is this?
Cervical star
What structure of the mare placenta is this?
What structure of the mare placenta is this?
Identify the pathology in this mare’s placenta.
Identify the pathology in this mare’s placenta.
Describe the significance of a dystocia in the mare.
List some maternal causes for dystocia in the mare.
List some fetal causes for dystocia in the mare.
The ____ determines the size of the foal.
Describe the incidence of dystocia based on different horse breeds.
Describe the Vandeplassche positioning of the foal during a dystocia.
How do we prepare the mare who is having a dystocia?
Describe your quick exam of a mare in dystocia prior to treatment.
Why is it important to get the fetus delivered quickly and efficiently in the mare?
What are the different methods of correction/delivery for a dystocia in a mare?
Describe “E.X.I.T” as a strategy to managing a dystocia in the mare.
Describe mutation as an obstetric operation in the mare.
What are the different epidural options in the mare? Mention the onset and durations.
Describe traction as a part of a dystocia treatment.
Describe the aftercare of the mare following a dystocia.
What is this? Describe the clinical significance.
Describe the indications and general procedure of a cesarean section in the mare.
What is the treatment for vaginal trauma in the mare?
When should you perform a fetotomy in the mare?
What are retained fetal membranes?
Describe the Burn’s technique as a treatment option for retained fetal membranes in the mare.
Describe umbilical vein infusion as a treatment option for retained fetal membranes in the mare.
Describe the supportive care treatment for retained fetal membranes in the mare.
Identify the anatomy.
Identify the stallion anatomy.
Identify the stallion anatomy.
Identify the stallion anatomy.
Identify the stallion anatomy.
When should a BSE be performed on a stallion?
List the different parts of a breeding soundness exam in the stallion.
How do we use our general physical exam as a part of our breeding soundness exam in the stallion?
How often should we test a stallion for equine viral arthritis? What should we do if the serum is negative?
What should we do if our stallion’s serum is positive?
How do we utilize palpation during our breeding soundness exam of the stallion?
How do we utilize ultrasound during our breeding soundness exam of the stallion?
How do we evaluate testicular size in the stallion? Why is it important?
Describe the general process of collecting an aerobic culture in the stallion reproductive system.
List some of the normal flora in the penis/urethra of the stallion.
List some of the abnormal flora in the penis/urethra of the stallion.
Stallions are _____ of most veneral organisms.
Identify the internal genitalia of the stallion.
What are the different methods of semen collection in the stallion?
Artificial vaginas, as a method to semen collection in the stallion, are both ____ and ____ sensitive.
What are the pros and cons of this artificial vagina?
What are the pros and cons of this artificial vagina?
What are the pros and cons of this artificial vagina?
What are the pros and cons to using a phantom as a semen collection method in the stallion?
List some of the different stallion reproductive behaviors.
What are some negative reinforcement that are used to manage stallion reproductive behavior?
How do we use mare interactions to influence stallion reproduction behavior?
Is this a normal stallion penis?
Describe the first fraction of ejaculation from the stallion.
Describe the second fraction of ejaculation from the stallion.
Describe the third fraction of ejaculation from the stallion.
What is the time frame for spermatogenesis and spermatozoa maturation in the stallion? What is the clinical significance of this time frame?
What are the different ways we evaluate sperm?
How do we grossly assess sperm in the stallion?
How do we assess sperm motility in the stallion? What is the clinical significance?
How do we assess sperm concentration in the stallion?
How do we assess sperm morphology in the stallion?
What stain was used on this slide? What are the arrows pointing to?
Identify the different abnormal round cells you may find on a sperm slide.
Describe the different biochemical testing that is an optional addition to an BSE in the stallion.
What is the normal amount of progressively motile, morphologically normal spermatozoa in the stallion?
List the different criteria that determine a stallion as a satisfactory breeder.
A stallion that is deemed a satisfactory breed should impregnate __% of a full book of mares in __ normal estrous cycle with fresh semen.
What criteria would deem a stallion a questionable or unsatisfactory breeder? When should you re-test the stallion?
What are the different kinds of breeding injuries we may find in a horse?
What is this? Describe the clinical significance.
Is this a normal stallion penis?
What is stallion testicular degeneration? What are the most common causes?
How do we diagnose stallion testicular degeneration using hormone testing?
How do we differentiate testicular degeneration from hypoplasia in the stallion?
Differentiate between mild and severe testicular degeneration in the stallion.
What will the tunica albuginea and epididymides feel like in a stallion with testicular degeneration.
What is testicular torsion? How do we diagnose it?
How do we use epididymal palpation to determine testicular torsion in the stallion?
How do we use testicular palpation to determine testicular torsion in the stallion?
What are some causes of orchiditis in the stallion?
What is the treatment for orchiditis in the stallion?
What are the causes of epididymitis in the stallion?
What are the clinical signs of epididymitis in the stallion?
What is the treatment for epididymitis in the stallion?
Name and describe the different testicular neoplasias we may find in the stallion.
What is the prognosis for testicular neoplasia in the stallion?
List your differential for a stallion with an enlarged scrotum.
Describe the prevalence, clinical presentation and treatment for SCC on the stallion penis.
Describe the causative agent, clinical presentation and treatment for summer sores in the stallion.
What is paraphimosis?
What is the treatment and prognosis for a stallion with paraphimosis?
What is phimosis? What are the clinical signs and treatment?
What is priapism? What is the treatment?
What is proud cut? What are some clinical signs and how do we diagnose it?
What is the easiest difference to spot between an alpaca and a llama?
A male camelid is called a ____.
List the clinically relevant anatomy of the male camelid.
Describe the relevant clinical anatomy of the camelid fibroelastic penis.
Describe the scrotal/urethral anatomy of the male camelid.
What is the value in test breeding a male camelid?
