Therapy Approaches Flashcards
Freud’s defense mechanisms share which two characteristics?
They operate on an unconscious level and they serve to deny or distort reality.
Four processes of psychoanalytic therapy
Clarification: restating a client’s remarks in clearer terms
Confrontation: making statements or asking questions that help the client see their behavior in a new way
Interpretation: explicitly connecting current behavior to unconscious processes; used to bring a client’s unconscious material into conscious awareness
Working through: preceded by catharsis and insight; involves an assimilation of new insights into the personality so that maladaptive patterns are replaced by new, more adaptive ones
According to some psychodynamic theorists, __________ can be viewed as a phenomenon that provides a therapist with opportunities to understand the message behind a client’s overt behavior.
countertransference
(Jung) the ______ unconscious is the repository of latent memory traces that have been passed down from one generation to the next, while the _____ unconscious consists of personal experiences that are not currently available to conscious awareness
collective; personal
(Jung) “primordial images” that cause people to experience and understand certain phenomena in a universal way; manifested in all cultures
archetypes
(Jung) Mid and late adulthood involve increasing _____, which refers to an integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche that leads to the development of a unique identity where ego is focused on self, development of wisdom, and spiritual/philosophical issues
individuation
Jung - 2 primary goals of therapy
to bridge the gap between the conscious and the personal/collective unconscious and achieve a state of balance/wholeness
What are the two assumptions of objects relations theory?
People have an innate need for satisfying relationships with objects (other people)
Personality and behavior are largely determined by early internalized representations of the self and objects (introjects)
What is the goal of object relations therapy?
bring maladaptive unconscious relationship dynamics into consciousness so that dysfunctional internalized object representations can be replaced with more appropriate ones
Mahler’s version of object relations theory focuses on the processes by which an infant assumes his/her own physical and psychological identity, and her model of early development involves several phases. The development of object relations occurs during the _________ phase, which begins at ______ months of age. Adult psychopathology can be traced back to problems occurring during this stage.
separation-individuation; 4-5 months
Three key concepts of Adler’s individual psychology
Feelings of inferiority: develop during childhood as a result of real or perceived biological, psychological, or social weaknesses
Striving for superiority: an inherent tendency toward “perfect completion”
Style of life: the specific ways a person chooses to compensate for inferiority and achieve superiority; affected by early experiences (especially with family); unifies the various aspects of personality; fairly well established by 4-5 years
Adler distinguishes between a ____ style of life, marked by optimistic goals, confidence, and concern for the welfare of others, and a ____ style of life, characterized by goals reflecting self-centeredness, competitiveness, or striving for personal power
healthy; mistaken
Adler used a _____ approach and believed behavior is motivated by ____ rather than past events
teleological; future goals
Roger’s person-centered therapy is based on the assumption that people possess an inherent ability for growth and _______.
self-actualization
Roger’s person-centered therapy views maladaptive behavior as incongruence between ____ and ______.
self; experience
Three facilitative conditions of person-centered therapy
empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard
Gestalt therapy views ___ as the primary curative factor
awareness
Gestalt therapy defines neurosis as a _____ disorder that is often attributable to a _______
growth; boundary disturbance
Gestalt therapists see maladaptive behavior as the abandonment of the ____ for the ____, which results in a lack of integration
self, self-image
(Gestalt) the ____ is the creative aspect of the personality that promotes the individual’s inherent tendency for self-actualization, or the ability to live as a fully integrated person. The ___ is the “darker side” of personality that hinders growth and self-actualization by imposing external standards
self, self-image
How would a Gestalt therapist view countertransference?
counterproductive - respond by helping the client recognize the difference between their “transference fantasy” and reality
What are the two areas of emphasis in existential therapy?
personal choice and responsibility for developing a meaningful life
How does existential therapy view maladaptive behavior?
They describe maladaptive behavior as the result of an inability to cope authentically with the ultimate concerns of existence - i.e., death, freedom, existential isolation, and meaninglessness
What is considered to be the primary therapeutic tool in existential therapy?
therapist/client relationship
In solution-focused therapy, the client is viewed as an ___ while the therapist acts as a ____
expert; consultant/collaborator
Types of questions used in solution-focused therapy
Miracle question - client describes what they would encounter if, as a result of a miracle, their problem was suddenly resolved
Exception question - client is asked about times when the problem was absent, less severe, or shorter in duration
Scaling questions - client rates 1-10 their confidence in achieving goals, motivation, how they felt in the last week
What are the four primary areas of functioning targeted by Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)?
unresolved grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits
How does IPT view maladaptive behavior?
Maladaptive behaviors are a result of social roles and interpersonal relationships, and a lack of strong attachments in early life
What are the two primary goals of IPT?
symptom reduction and improved interpersonal functioning
What is Kelly’s Personal Construct therapy and what is the goal?
George Kelly’s personal construct therapy focuses on how the client experiences the world. It assumes that a person’s psychological processes are determined by the way he or she “construes” (perceives, interprets, and predicts) events, with construing involving the use of personal constructs, which are bipolar dimensions of meaning (e.g., happy/sad, competent/incompetent) that begin to develop in infancy and may operate on an unconscious or conscious level. The goal of therapy is to help the client identify and revise or replace maladaptive personal constructs so that the client is better able to “make sense” of his/her experiences.
What type of therapy is based on choice theory, which assumes that people are responsible for the choices they make and focuses on how people make choices that affect the course of their lives.
Glasser’s reality therapy
Glasser (reality therapy) - what are the five basic innate needs?
survival, love and belonging*, power, freedom, fun
What is self-in-relation theory?
Self-in-relation theory applies feminism to object relations theory and proposes that many gender differences can be traced to differences in the early mother-daughter and mother-son relationship. Male identity is defined in terms of separation, while female identity is based more on relations with others
What is the difference between feminist and non-sexist therapy?
Feminist therapy is based on the premise that “the personal is political.” It focuses on empowerment and social change and acknowledges and minimizes the power differential inherent in the client-therapist relationship. Feminist therapy must be distinguished from nonsexist therapy, which recognizes the impact of sexism, but focuses more on the personal causes of behavior and personal change.
Prochaska & DiClemente believe interventions are most effective when they match ____
the client’s state of change
(Prochaska & DiClemente’s transtheoretical model) first stage in which there is no intention of changing in the next six months; may be uninformed or in denial about problem and consequences or demoralized from past unsuccessful attempts to change
precontemplation
(Prochaska & DiClemente’s transtheoretical model) second stage in which there is planning to start making changes in the next six months, but may be ambivalent about doing so; awareness of problems or consequences of behavior and the pros and cons of changing
contemplation
(Prochaska & DiClemente’s transtheoretical model) third stage in which the person intends to take action in the next month and have a realistic plan for modifying behavior
preparation
(Prochaska & DiClemente’s transtheoretical model) fourth stage in which the individual takes concrete steps to change their behavior; often begins with a public commitment to change
action
(Prochaska & DiClemente’s transtheoretical model) fifth stage in which the individual has maintained change for at least six months and is working to prevent relapse
maintenance
(Prochaska & DiClemente’s transtheoretical model) sixth stage in which the individual has maintained behavioral changes for at least five years, no risk for relapse
termination
(Prochaska & DiClemente’s transtheoretical model) What are the three mediating variables that affect motivation at any given stage of change?
Decisional balance: strength of perceived pros and cons of the problem behavior; particularly important in contemplation stage
Self-efficacy: client’s confidence in their ability to cope with high-risk situations without relapsing; important in moving from contemplation to preparation, and preparation to action stage
Temptation: the intensity of the urges to engage in the problem behavior; typically higher in initial stages and lower in later stages
(Yalom) the _____ stage is characterized by attempt to determine group’s structure and meaning; group members engage in limited communication that’s restricted primarily to seeking and giving advice; often look to group leader rather than other members
initial (orientation, participation, search for meaning, dependency)
(Yalom) In the ___ stage, advice giving is replaced by criticism, judgmental statements, and other negative comments; some members may express hostility toward the therapist as a result or resistance
transition (conflict, dominance, rebellion)
(Yalom) the ____ stage is characterized by a high degree of trust and cohesion among group members; self-disclosure increases and attendance improves
working (development of cohesiveness)
Yalom describes ______ as the most important curative factor provided by group therapy
cohesiveness
What are the three primary tasks of the therapist in group therapy?
- creation and maintenance of the group
- culture building
- activation and illumination of the here-and-now
What two steps can therapists take to prevent premature termination from group therapy?
prescreening of potential group members and post-selection preparation
_____% of group members drop out within the first 12-20 sessions
10 - 35%
Hypnosis (repressed memories)
While hypnosis has been used to help people uncover repressed memories, it does not seem to enhance the accuracy of memories, may produce more pseudomemories than accurate ones, and may exaggerate confidence in the validity of uncertain memoires
