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Psyc 385 > Therapies and Prevention > Flashcards

Therapies and Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 biological treatments?

A

Electroconvulsive therapy

Psychopharmacology

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2
Q

What is electroconvulsive therapy?

A

Applied to severe, treatment-resistant depression. Last resort treatment. Many precautions are taken, and a main side effect is retrograde amnesia

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3
Q

Why is the side effect of retrograde amnesia not super serious?

A

Because depression also causes retrograde amnesia

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4
Q

What is psychopharmacology?

A

Treatment of mental disorders through the use of drugs. There’s hundreds of meds available and a large number of antidepressants

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5
Q

What happened in the 1960s with psychopharmacology?

A

Tricyclics occured. Most effective medications, but with lots of side effects.

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6
Q

What is the definition of psychotherapy?

A

Use of psychological techniques and therapist-client relationship to produce emotional, cognitive, and behavioural changes

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7
Q

What is the most important factor of psychotherapy?

A

Therapist client relationship has to foster trust, respect, stability, reliance, quality etc

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8
Q

What was the psychodynamic technique that Freud started with?

A

Free association-tell him anything that comes to mind. Conscious censorship and unconscious censorship occurs. Have to learn how to get around conscious censorship.

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9
Q

What is dream interpretation (psychodynamic)

A

A way to get into the unconscious. Dreams are an expression of unconscious conflict

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10
Q

What happens in the process of interpretation and resistance analysis?

A

Interpreting aspects of dreams. Patient either accepts or rejects interpretation. When people resist, you’re getting closer to what’s bothering them. Study resistance.

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11
Q

What is analysis of transference (psychodynamic)

A

Projecting onto the therapist as if they are a person from your childhood

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12
Q

What is countertransference?

A

How the therapist reacts to transference

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13
Q

How long does the psychodynamic process take?

A

A year to 2 years

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14
Q

How does psychodynamic psychotherapy work?

A

Focus is on current life circumstances. Therapist actively directs patient recollections and offers interpretations quickly and directly, and is supportive. Patient sits on a chair. Can be a complex process especially for personality disorders. Outcome oriented (patients progress is tracked)

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15
Q

What is the focus of behavioural and CBT?

A

Focus is on behaviour change in the present, and is outcome oriented

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16
Q

How is behavioural therapy conducted?

A

Personal history is learned, and then we try to correct behaviours

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17
Q

What are the principles behind CBT?

A

Everything is a skillset. Based on learning theory. Ways people deal are learned, and people can learn other ways.

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18
Q

What are some of the techniques based on classical conditioning?

A
  • Systematic desensitization
  • In-vivo desensitization
  • Flooding
  • Aversion Therapy
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19
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A

Used for phobias. Looking at the hierarchy of what scares you, then systematically exposing you to them

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20
Q

What is in-vivo desensitization?

A

Progressive approaches of an object of fear.

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21
Q

What is flooding?

A

Exposure all at once to fears. Have to be careful with this one and make sure person doesn’t have a heart condition

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22
Q

What is aversion therapy?

A

Pairing an aversive stimulus with the thing you are addicted to. Can expire. Works good in the short-term

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23
Q

What are some techniques based on Operant Conditioning?

A
  • Contingency management
  • Social skills training
  • Behavioural activation therapy for depression
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24
Q

What is contingency management?

A

How you organize your life. Routines are good, reduces anxiety

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25
Q

What is social skills training?

A

Assertiveness training, social problem solving for anxiety. Can be applied to schizo, eating disorders etc

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26
Q

What is behavioural activation for depression?

A

When people are depressed, they don’t do much. No routines, no pleasure, sink lower to depression. Encourage people to do activities that they have mastery in and pleasure in. Self-efficacy evolves

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27
Q

What are some cognitive therapies?

A
  • Problem solving therapy
  • Self-instruction training
  • Cognitive therapy
  • Rational emotive therapy
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28
Q

What is problem-solving therapy?

A

Helping people systematically find solutions to their problems

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29
Q

What is self-instruction training?

A

Used for management of stress and negative emotions. Talking to self carefully and constructively.

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30
Q

What is cognitive therapy?

A

Challenging negative and distorted beliefs through collaborative empiricism-assumptions are overblown or incorrect

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31
Q

What is rational emotive therapy?

A

Challenging irrational beliefs through direct disputation ex: “What a load of crap, why would you think this”

32
Q

What is characteristic of humanistic therapies?

A

Client centred. Focus is on how patient sees themselves. Therapist and patient work together and are on equal terms. Patient has a good sense of their own needs

33
Q

What did Carl Rogers believe was essential in the humanistic therapies?

A

Empathy (understanding), warmth (welcoming), and genuineness (feedback, direct and honest). Therapist is honest with themselves and patient. Empathy, warmth and genuineness are fundamental.

34
Q

What are some of the types of humanistic therapies?

A
  • Client-Centred (Carl Rogers
  • Existential (Irvin Yalom
  • Gestalt Therapy (Fritz Perls)
  • Emotion focused therapy (Lesley Greenberg)
35
Q

What is existential therapy?

A

People face inevitable existential challenges (being born, living in certain culture, death and dying). People struggle with these and need help with this

36
Q

What is Gestalt Therapy?

A

Increasing patients awareness of their behaviour. Challenge their view of the self and others. Get in touch with feelings and relationships. Used to come to terms

37
Q

What is emotion focused therapy?

A

New form of therapy, where human emotions are connected to needs. Emotions are activated and worked through, can help change emotional states. Originally known as process experiential therapy.

38
Q

How is the effectiveness for therapies determined?

A

By using randomized clinical trials. 2-3 groups, program is compared to an already existing program, control, or other intervention. Does the therapy work equal or better than the other intervention?

39
Q

What percentage of people are better off after receiving psychotherapy?

A

80%

40
Q

How is psychotherapy and psychological intervention economical?

A

Psychological services result in savings on medical services, medication use, and loss of manpower. Many psychosocial services actually pay for themselves in terms of cost recovery

41
Q

What is the most common form of recovery with addictions?

A

Self-recovery. But psychotherapy works better

42
Q

What kinds of therapies work best for depression and anxiety?

A

Behavioural

43
Q

What kind of therapies work best for trauma and personality disorders?

A

Psychodynamic

44
Q

How many different forms of psychotherapy are there?

A

400

45
Q

What is the dodo bird verdict?

A

Every therapy (main therapy: cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic), is effective. Hard to identify one that is better

46
Q

Why does therapy sometimes not work?

A

Because many people don’t attend enough sessions for it to work. Most require 10 one hour sessions or more

47
Q

Which therapy sessions are the most important?

A

The first, second, and third. The most change develops here

48
Q

What are some of the controversies in psychotherapy?

A

CBT largely dominates the field of efficacy research. Promoted as more effective. Should psychotherapist that are not as affective be used? Does psychotherapy research generalize to clinical settings?

49
Q

What are Jerome Franks common factors?

A
  • A trained healer who the sufferer believes in and seeks treatment from (can be psychologist, religious healers etc)
  • Structured interaction between healer and sufferer. Change occurs as a consequence of words, acts, rituals
50
Q

What is the major ingredient in healing?

A

Instillation of hope (therapist gives hope)
Alternative explanations (healer provides a name for what is wrong
Expectation that client will think, act, or feel differently as a result of the interaction.
Psychotherapy as culturally dependent

51
Q

What is success dependent on in psychotherapy?

A

Relationship between therapist and client, diagnosis, severity of problem, client characteristics)

52
Q

What is YAVIS and why does it determine success in psychotherapy?

A

Young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, successful. Dictates the type of person who will have the most success in therapy

53
Q

What is the typical patient?

A

Young, middle class, female, at least some uni education (14 years of education to be exact)

54
Q

What types of new approaches are we seeing with therapies?

A

Different psychotherapeutic modules are being put together to address complex problems and comorbid disorders.

55
Q

What does it mean that some approaches are transdiagnostic?

A

Therapist addresses common elements of mood and anxiety disorder. Acceptance, commitment, alignment of values.

56
Q

What is community psychology?

A

Provides and ecological perspective which emphasises the interdependence of individuals, families, communities and society. Want for a society free from mental disorders

57
Q

What percentage of Canadians suffer from mental disorders?

A

20%

58
Q

What percentage of Canadia children aged 4-17 have a mental disorder?

A

14%

59
Q

What percentage of mental health problems arise in childhood and what does this mean?

A

70%-this makes it so young people are usually the targets of mental health strategies.

60
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Interventions aimed at preventing the occurrence of the problem ex: programs for learning disabilities prevent academic failure

61
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Interventions performed after problem is identified, but before it has caused suffering. Intervention before escalation

62
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Preventing further deterioration once problem has caused damage (ex: harm reduction).

63
Q

What is mental health promotion?

A

An approach to mental health which emphasises strengths and resilience as opposed to reacting to pathology. Mental health is more than the absence of a disorder.

64
Q

What is universal prevention?

A

Includes all individuals in a geographical area or particular setting (schools, workplaces, disadvantaged part of the city etc)

65
Q

What is selective prevention (aka high risk approach)

A

Assumes that there are known factors that affect mental health and an intervention is directed at the population where those factors are most prevalent (ex: schools in a lower income part of the city)

66
Q

What is indicated prevention (aka early prevention)

A

Programs directed at individuals showing early signs of mental health problems (Ex: children or adolescents known to be using drugs, tobacco etc)

67
Q

What is positive mental health?

A

Mental health is more than the absence of a mental disorder. Includes enjoying life, ability to deal with life’s challenges, emotional and spiritual well-being, social connections and respect for culture, equity, social justice, and personal dignity

68
Q

What are some of the current approaches to prevention?

A

Identification of risk factors and issue of cumulative risk
Identification of protective factors
Wellness enhancement and promotion of resilience

69
Q

What are some examples of protective factors?

A

Education and health

70
Q

What does it mean that prevention is proactive?

A

Does things ahead of the problems

71
Q

What does it mean that prevention has a population focus?

A

Focus is on groups of people

72
Q

What does it mean that prevention is multidimensional?

A

Addresses a number of problems

73
Q

What does it mean that prevention is ongoing?

A

Programs carry an expense. Politicians may cut funding, makes people believe we are saving mony

74
Q

How do we promote resilience?

A

Secure attachment to caregivers encourage the development of age-appropriate competencies (play school and kindergarten!!). Creating healthy, safe, and just social environments, empowering people psychologically and politically, helping people develop resources to cope with stress

75
Q

What are Rutter’s ideas on risk and protection (4)

A

1) Reducing risk impact
2) Interrupting unhealthy chain reactions stemming from stressful life events
3) Enhancing self esteem and self-efficacy
4) Creating opportunities for personal growth

76
Q

What is a narrowly focused versus ecological approach?

A

Narrow: Only certain populations
Ecological: Focuses on different environments

77
Q

For every dollar invested in mental health, how much do we get in return?

A

1.50-17.00

Psyc 385 (12 decks)

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