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Psyc 385 > Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Issues > Flashcards

Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Issues Flashcards

1
Q

What is illness?

A

Defined by symptoms, which are subjective reports of internal states

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2
Q

What is disease?

A

Defined by signs (alterations seen in blood tests, MRI, etc)-objective indications of disease process by direct observation or by use of tests.

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3
Q

What is stress?

A

An event that creates physiological and or psychological strain, thus creating a need for adaptation b an individual.

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4
Q

What influences all physical disorders?

A

Stress

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5
Q

What are the three different types of coping?

A

Emotion focused
Problem focused
Meaning focused

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6
Q

What is emotion focused coping?

A

Thoughts and behaviours a person uses to regulate distress

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7
Q

What is problem focused coping?

A

Thoughts and behaviours a person uses to manage the problems causing distress

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8
Q

What is meaning focused coping?

A

Thoughts and behaviours a person uses to maintain positive well-being

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9
Q

What are some of the diagnostic criteria for psychological factors affecting other medical conditions?

A

-A medical symptom or condition (other than a mental disorder) is present
-Factors influence either: the course of the medical condition, treatment of condition, additional health risks, precipitate or exacerbate symtpoms
These psychological and behavioural factors are not better described by another disorder.

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10
Q

What is Lazarus and Folkman’s transactional model of stress?

A

Stress is a result of ongoing transactions between the individual and the environment. How much stress you have depends on how you evaluate your environment (stress starts with the appraisal process)

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11
Q

How did Selye define stress?

A

Strictly in physiological terms

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12
Q

What are the 3 parts of the transactional model?

A

Person characteristics
Primary Appraisals
Secondary Appraisals

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13
Q

What are person characteristics?

A

Things like personality that affect how one appraises their environment

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14
Q

What is the primary appraisal?

A

Cognitive evaluation of challenge, threat, or harm presented. Can take seconds or days.

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15
Q

What is the secondary appraisal?

A

The assessment of one’s abilities and resources for coping with a difficult event. Can take seconds to days.

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16
Q

What is meaning based coping?

A

Kicks in after an unfavourable outcome and distress. Forces person to evaluate what is important in life, what you want to do etc. Dealing with circumstances becomes a challenge, process of coping starts again. can create the possibility of a good death

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17
Q

What are the four physiological responses that are associated with stress?

A

1) Endocrine system (HPA axis)
2) Autonomic nervous system,
3) Sympathetic-adrenal medullary system.
4) Immune system

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18
Q

What are the four psychological responses that contribute to stress?

A

1) Emotion-focused coping
2) Problem-focused coping
3) Meaning-focused coping
4) Repression of emotions (failure to recognize and manage)

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19
Q

What can decrease a person’s risk of developing a stress related illness?

A

Being able to express emotions in reasonable ranges and discuss trauma

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20
Q

What is the sympathetic branch of the ANS?

A

Kicks in when the brain detects danger. Has it’s limitations, cannot be activated ALL the time.

21
Q

What is the parasympathetic branch of the ANS?

A

Brings the body back to it’s normal state, allows bodily recovery and homeostasis.

22
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Controls the glands which secrete hormones

23
Q

How does the HPA axis respond to stress?

A

Stress: hypothalamus releases CRH, activates pituitary gland which releases ACTH, adrenal gland releases cortisol.

24
Q

What happens if the HPA axis is running stressed all the time? (which it can do, unlike the SNS)

A

Sleep issues, eating, development of stress related disorders.

25
Q

How is the immune system affected by stress?

A

Cortisol and adrenaline slow it down, delayed injury recovery, surgery recovery, easier to contract an illnesss. Increased inflammation and deregulation of the immune system. Difficulty with brain function

26
Q

What is non-specific immunity?

A

When the white blood cells attack a virus

27
Q

What is cellular immunity?

A

When the T-cells attack. Fast multiplication, memory T-cells remain in body and fight similar pathogens

28
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

B-cells attack. Macrophage presents an invader to the B-cells, and they attack. Memory B-cells are also created (plasma).

29
Q

What do immunotherapies do?

A

Power up the immune system when it’s weakened.

30
Q

What are the three psychosocial factors that can influence disease?

A

Social status, Controllability, and Social support

31
Q

How does social status affect disease?

A

White Ball Study: servents in the UK are ranked hierarchically. Found that those lower in the hierarchy tend to have more affected medical conditions and lower quality of life.

32
Q

How can controllability help with disease?

A

People who believe they are “in control” and who overestimate their ability to bring about positive outcomes cope better with the stress of disease.

33
Q

How is social support connected to disease?

A

People who are highly connected to others lie longer, Good quality relationships help you live a better life. Low social support contributes to making the existing disease worse. Physicians always note if you come to the hospital alone.

34
Q

What is psychosocial oncology or psycho-oncology?

A

The study of psychological and social factors associated with the development and course of cancer, and of the factors associated with the support, treatment, and quality of life of cancer patients throughout the disease.

35
Q

What are the psychological factors that can affect cancer?

A

Exposure to carcinogens and lifestyle problems

36
Q

What psychosocial factors are possibly related to cancer progression?

A

Tendency towards helplessness, repression of negative emotions, low social support.

37
Q

How much higher are mortality rates in cancer patients who are experiencing depressive symptoms versus patients diagnosed with MDD?

A

Depressive Symptoms: 25%

MDD: 39%

38
Q

What could make depression possibly linked to mortality rates in cancer?

A

Lifestyle problems, inflammatory processes, and weakening of immune system

39
Q

Can psychosocial intervention with depression extend the life of someone with cancer?

A

Studies have shown that this is not the case.

40
Q

What are the three types of cardiovascular disease?

A

Hypertension
Ischemic Heart Disease
Stroke

41
Q

What are some psychosocial risk factors with cardiovascular disease?

A

Gender
Low SES
Family history

42
Q

What psychosocial factors are definitely involved with cardiovascular diseases?

A

Smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, alcohol consumption

43
Q

What is Type A behaviour?

A

Hyperalertness, time urgency, intense job involvment, competitiveness, and hostility all relating to cardiovascular diseases

44
Q

What is the biggest trait in Type A behaviour that relates to cardiovascular disease symptoms and death?

A

Hostility

45
Q

What is one of the best predictors of another heart attack after you’ve had one?

A

Depression

46
Q

What are the two treatments for psychological factors affecting other illnesses?

A

1) Generic Approach

2) Interventions directed towards specific psychosocial variables

47
Q

What is the generic approach?

A

Information about disease and treatments, provision of emotionally supportive context, relaxation training or mindfulness meditation, social support, increase exercise to 150 mins/week

48
Q

What is the interventions approach?

A

Behavioural and cognitive coping strategies including emotional management, sleep improvement, management of fatigue and pain etc. Focused interventions for disease specific problems

49
Q

How effective is exercise in helping with treatment?

A

HUGE. Decreases anxiety 40% and depression 30%

Psyc 385 (12 decks)

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