Therapeutics Introduction Flashcards
Define nomenclature of drugs
This is a systematic way of naming drugs
Drugs are commonly identified using three names . what are those names.
Chemical name
Non proprietary name(Generic name)
Proprietary name ( trade name)
Chemical name is one of the names used to identify a drug . what is a chemical name and which people use it
This specifies the chemical structure of the drug and uses standard nomenclature.Eg Acetylsalicylic acid is a chemical name for Aspirin.
Chemical names are used by medicinal chemists
Why is it that most chemical names are long and hard to pronounce
This is because of the complexity of the molecule
What do you understand by Generic name ( nonproprietary)
This has a designation derived from the chemical name.
It’s can also indicate to which class a particular drug belong eg amoxicillin can easily be identified as a penicillin.
Generic name are mostly used by health workers
What are some Notable international nomenclature committees.
United State Adopted name ( USAN)
British Approved name (BAN)
International nonproprietary Name (INN)
What is the responsibility of drug Nomenclature committees
They have the responsibility of coming up with generic names which can vary depending on the language
What is a proprietary name (trade name or brand name)
This is a name used for a registered trademark belonging to a specific company to which it’s directly associated
Give examples of brand names
Disprin , Panadol and coartem
Define drug delivery system
This is the combination of the route of administration and a drug dosage form
What are routes of administration
This is a channel or path by which a drug,fluid , poison or chemical is taken into the body.
How are routes generally classified
They are classified by the location at which the substance is applied
What purpose do routes of administration serve .
They make sure that the drug reaches the intended site of action so as to effect it’s intended purpose.
Outline the factors that affect the selection of the route to be used.
Site of the problem
Severity of the condition
Subsequent selected dosage form
Physicochemical properties of the selected drug
What do you understand by the Enteral route and outline what it’s includes
This involves the administration of the drug whose absorption is intended to take place in the gastrointestinal tract.
It’s includes the oral route, buccal route, sublingual route and rectal route
What is the oral route (po)
This involves the administration of the drug through the month using tablets , capsules, syrups suspensions, solutions.
Note .the absorption of orally administered drugs can vary widely because of the interaction with food and gastric acid
In the oral route the absorption of drugs can be affected by what
Varying gastric emptying rate
Intestinal transit time
Tablet disintegration and dissolution
Which route is more convenient, relatively safer and more economical
Oral route (po).
Describe the rectal route
This involves the administration of the drug through the rectum.
Suppositories or ointments are the most used formulations
Drugs administered rectally Can result in what
It’s can result in either a localized or systemic effect
Suppositories or ointments are the most used formulations.in which cases are they mostly used
They are used in cases were patients cannot take by mouth eg in cases of nausea and vomiting.
They are also useful in localized conditions like hemorrhoids
What is the buccal and what is the sublingual route
. the buccal route involves the placing of the drug between the cheek and the gum.
In the sublingual route the drug is placed under the tongue
Note in both the sublingual and the buccal route drugs by pass the first- pass metabolism of the liver.
The drugs used in the buccal and sublingual route can either be
They can either be fumes, tablets form,sprays and gels
What is the parenteral route and outline what it’s comprises
This route involves the administration of the drug using a syringe and needle ( intravenous infusion pump,)
It’s has the following
Intravenous (lv) route
Intramuscular (lM) route
Subcutaneous (sc) route
Intrathecal route
Epidural route
Intra- articular route
Intradermal
What is the intravenous (iv) route and which drugs are commonly used in this route
This route does not require the drug to be absorbed as the drug is directly delivered into systemic circulation hence it’s 100%bioavailibility.
It’s preferred for drugs with short half lives and drugs which need titration to physiological response eg treatment of shock , hypertension,acute heart failure
The IV route is widely used in what
It’s used in the administration of antibiotics, antineoplastic drugs in critically ill patients and in medical emergencies
In terms of toxicity which route is the most dangerous because of the direct and rapid passage into the systemic circulation
Intravenous route (IV)
What is a intra muscular and subcutaneous route
These are routes which are suitable for solutions or suspension
Between solutions and particle suspensions which one are absorbed rapidly
Solutions are absorbed more rapidly than particle suspensions.
What is the use of suspensions
They are used to extend the duration of action of the drugs over many hours
Why is it that most of the drugs are absorbed more rapidly using the IM route
This is because of the greater circulation of the blood to the muscle
What is the intrathecal route . it’s used for which kind of drugs and give an example of a condition this route can be used to treat
This involves the injection of the drug through the thecal covering of the Spina cord and Into the sub- arachnoid space
This route is suitable for drugs that don’t readily cross the blood brain barrier (BBB)
It’s can be used in the treatment of meningitis
Describe the Epidural route and we’re it’s commonly used
This involves the targeting of analgesics into the space above the dural membranes of the spinal cord .
It’s commonly used in labor and delivery using drugs like bupivacaine
Explain the intra- articular route
This involves the administration of the drug into the joint area like in the treatment of arthritis eg methylprednisolone
What is the intradermal route
This involves injecting in the dermis, one of the layers of the skin
While any skin surface can be used the preferred site to inject while using the interdermal route are what.
Upper chest
Inner aspect of the forearm
Scapular area of the back
We’re is the intradermal route (ID) useful
Vaccine administration
Like the skin prick, intradermal route is used for allergy tests . true/false
True
What is a Topical ( local route)
This involves the application of the drug to the surface of the body to produce a localized effect
What kind of organs are often treatment by a local route
Skin( lotions, liniments ,creams, ointments, gels)
Eyes (eye drops, eye ointment)
Ears ( ear Drops)
Vagina ( pessaries , gels)
Throat( lozenges, mouth paints , gaggles and mouthwashes)
Mouth ( mouth washes ,oral gels, drops)
What is a transdermal route
This involves the administration of the drug on the skin using a patch or less commonly using an ointment .
The trans dermally administered drugs are meant to be absorbed into circulation
What are some examples of drugs administered through the transdermal route
Fentanyl patch, nitroglycerin ointment
What is a inhalation route
This is a route that is used to produce either the localized or systemic effect.
Give an example of a local effect in a inhalational route
An example of a local effect is the effect in the respiratory tract from drugs used in the treatment of asthma like salbutamol inhaler or nebules
Give an example of a systemic effect in an inhalational route
Systemic effect is observed when a general anaesthetic such as sevoflurane or halothane are inhaled
What is a insufflation route (intranasal)
This involves the inhaling or blowing of medicated powder into the lung cavity and or other body cavities
It’s has proved useful for the treatment of sinus conditions
What kind of route do drug abusers use to sniff drugs like cocaine
Insufflation (intranasal) route
What are formulations.
This is the nature by which a drug is made available and suitable for administration of a specific dose of a drug to a patient
The different types of formulations are also referred to as what
Pharmaceutical preparations or dosage forms
Most of the formulations are made from what
They are made from pure drug compounds
The drugs sold as herbal remedies are made from were?
Crude drug preparations
Outline the commonly available formulations
Solid formulations
Liquid formulations
Skin preparations
Aerosols
Opthalmic and ear preparations
Give examples of solid formulations
Tablets
. enteric coated tablets
. sustained release or extended release tablets
. Effervescent tablets
Capsules
.hard capsules
.soft capsules
Give examples of liquid formulations
Sterile solutions
Suspensions
Syrups
Elixirs
Emulsions
Give examples of skin preparations.
.Gels
. lotions
. liniments
. patches
. powders
Give examples of Aerosols
.Inhalers
.Nasal preparations
. Nebules
Give examples of ear preparations and Opthalmic
Eye drops
Eye ointment
Ear drops
Define pharmacotherapeutics
This is the medical science that deals with the use of drugs in the treatment of diseases
Pharmacology provides the rational or scientific basis of pharmacotherapeutics by explaining the mechanism and effects of drugs on the body and the relationship between…
The dose and the drug response
What is toxicity
This is the study of poison and organ toxicity
What does toxicity focus on
It’s focuses on the harmful effects of drugs and other mechanism by which these agents cause pathological changes , disease and death.
It’s also depends on the dose , concentration of the drug in the tissue and the biological effects the drug produces
Describe drug preparation
Drug preparation includes of the following
Natural drug- this is the drug in it’s original state which may be a combination of different chemical entities eg cinchona bark
Crude drug - preparation from natural sources eg cinchona powder, solution
Pure drug - compounds isolated from natural or synthetic sources eg quinine, quinidine
Pharmaceutical preparations - final formulated drug intended to be administered to the patient
Outline the major subdivision of pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
What is pharmacokinetics
This involves processes that determine the concentration of the drug in the body fluids
In summary it’s the action of the body on the drugs
Pharmacokinetics is also called
Drug disposition
Outline the processes involved in pharmacokinetics
Absorption, distribution, metabolism ( biotransformation) and excretion (ADME)
What is pharmacodynamics
This involves the action of the drug at the site of action
What is pharmacodynamics
This involves the action of the drug at the site of action .
In summary it’s the action of the drugs on the body
Drugs mostly bind the protein receptors in target tissues who’s activation leads to the response cascade called……………. which results into…………..
Signal transduction
Which results into subsequent physiologyical action
The physiological action in pharmacodynamics is directly dependent on the relationship between the concentration of the drug in the tissue and the magnitude of the tissue s response to the drug.what is dose response relationship
This is the relationship between the concentration of the drug in the tissue and the magnitude of the tissues response to the drug
Mention the two major sources of drugs
Natural drugs and synthetic drugs
Give examples of nature sources
-plants - alkaloids like morphine, cocaine, quinine, atropine
-Animal tissue - hormones like insulin
- minerals - lithium for treatment of bipolar disorders
- micro- organisms - penicillin from penicillium species, streptomycin from streptococcus species
How can semi- synthetic drugs come about
They come about through modification of natural drugs
They posses different properties like oxycodone which is a derivative of morphine
Give examples of synthetic sources
Aspirin, barbiturates and local anesthetics like procaine ( were among the first drugs to be synthesized)
What is a medicine
Is any natural, chemical or pharmaceutical product formulated for the purpose of prevention, diagnosis or treatment of a disease.
Note :all drugs are medicine but not all medicine are drugs
Define a drug
A drug is any chemical substances which when administered will change the physiological and biochemical processes of the body
How were people able to understand which drug was actually beneficial or effective in relieving specific disease symptoms
Based on experience of people regarding different disease outcome after the use of remedies
The first drugs were simple external preparations like what
Cool and soothing leaf
Centuries later through some tria and error approach.the therapeutics value of natural products was well appreciated with the Egyptian prescription calling for what
Castor, opium
What is pharmacology
This is the study of drugs and their effects on life processes
It’s a fundamental science which proceeded modern day medicine with proven success in treating disease and saving lives
In the olden days disease was believed to have been caused by what
Evil spirits
What does pharmacon mean
It’s a Greek word which was used to describe a magic charmor noxious (poisonous, harmful or unpleasant) plant or animal product meant to rid the body of the evil spirit suspected to have caused the disease
Later pharmacon came to be known as what
It’s come to be known as a remedy or drug
The selection of drugs was still based on what
It’s was based on superstition and subsequent experience ( emprism)
What did the ancient scrolls in china reveal
They revealed prescription of herbal medicines for more than 50 disease
Who described 600 medicinal plants which he collected and studied as he traveled with the Roman army
Dioscorides a Greek army who lived in the 1st century
Who described the principals of Ayurvedic medicine in the 5th century
Susruta ,a Hindu physician
By the middle ages the Islamic physicians and the Christian monks did what
They cultivated and studied the use of herbal medicines
