Theory or reasoned action and planned behaviour. Flashcards
who created the theory of reasoned action?
Fishbein and Ajzen (1975).
- focused on the social-cognitive approach but different in its predictive intent.
- originally designed to predict voting behaviour.
- self-efficacy theory was more acute and chronic in predictability.
what is attitude? Behavioural beliefs.
a person’s positive or negative thoughts towards performing a behaviour.
- has cognitive and affective components.
what two things influence attitude behaviour?
- belief of the consequences. is voting worthy?
- and evaluation of the consequences. is my vote important? do I care who is running?
behaviour is also influenced by subjective norms, what is it? Normative beliefs.
the degree to which someone feels social pressure to perform a behaviour.
what two factors influence subjective norms?
- perceptions about the expectations of others. will my family be voting?
- motivation to comply with those retrieved expectations.
what is the single best predictor in this theory?
Intention- it is influenced by attitude and subjective norms.
- intention is strongest when close to the actual action of the behaviour (days to a week)
What are TRA interventions based on?
improving the strength of one’s intention to exercise.
- serve to improve one’s attitude about exercise.
- increase external pressure to engage in exercise.
how do we increase attitude?
- heightening awareness of the multiple benefits of exercise (physical, psychological, and social).
- providing info on desirable outcomes i.e. you look great that workout routine suits you!
- This goal might be accomplished through public service announcements, news stories, research, and simply by word of mouth from significant others (particularly those who are physically active).
how do we increase subjective norms? external pressure?
- get them to do what others do by surrounding themselves with active individuals.
why and what did Ajzen extent his theory for in 1985?
- he changed it to the theory of planned behaviour by implementing perceived behaviour control.
- this was because intention alone in the TRA was hard for behaviours that are continued or repeatable unlike that of voting.
- also smoking, drug use and diet).
what is perceived behavioural control?
- the degree of personal control the individual perceives he or she has over the behaviour in question.
- similar to self-efficacy.
- PBC is seen to influence behaviour independently and through increasing intention. (indirectly and directly).
how do we increase PBC?
- allowing the exerciser to have some input in the design of their exercise plan (increase feelings of personal control).
schedule exercise when you know you have the least barriers. - buy equipment for a home gym if the gym is too expensive.
- proper workout clothing for bad weather.
- set a regular exercise time in your schedule when time is a barrier.
what are the results of the literature review conducted by Symons Downs and Hausenblas (2005):
- attitude is more influential than PBC on intention, which is more influential than the subjective norm. altogether the effect is large on intention.
- the effect of intention is greater than PBC on behaviour.
- attitude most strongly influences intention.
- predictive power of intention decreases as the time between the measurement of intention and behaviour increases. (if the length is one month we see big declines in the predictive ability of intention).
What did Blue (1995) and Godin (1993) propose about TPB
- it has superiority in its predictive ability over TRA because some people may not think of exercise as a purely volitional activity.
- level of control is accounted for.
what is self-determination theory?
- like self-efficacy theory, self-determination theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985) was designed to better explain affective, cognitive, and behavioural responses within an achievement domain (e.g., academics)
what are the three psychosocial needs one should possess?
- a need for self-determination (autonomy and self-dependent behaviour).
- a need to demonstrate competence ( a sense of mastery).
- a need for relatedness (social interactions).
There are three motivations that drive these achievement behaviours: what is internal motivation?
- intrinsic motivation refers to the mentality of engaging in behaviour for reasons of inherent pleasure, satisfaction, or personal challenge (e.g., “I exercise because it’s fun”).
what is Amotivation?
lack of motivation or intention of behaviour.
what are the four types of external motivation?
- integrated.
- identified.
- introjected.
- external.
what is integrated motivation/regulation?
- the most self-determined external type.
- it is performing a behaviour to confirm one’s sense of self.
i. e. I am an exerciser and this is what I do.
what is identified motivation/regulation?
- motivated by personal goals but is extrinsic because it focuses on external outcomes or products (e.g., improved appearance)
what is introjected motivation/regulation?
- behaviour is dictated by the self-imposed source of pressure (e.g., exercising in order to avoid feelings of guilt).
what is external motivation/regulation?
- obtaining an external reward or avoiding an externally applied punishment (e.g., exercising to receive praise from others or because rehabilitation personnel are compelling you to do so).
- least self-determining.
what are the three levels of motivation?
- all three levels are present in each of the three types of motivation.
1. global.
2. contextual.
3. situational.
what is the global motivation level?
- similar to personality type looking at the degree of motivation normally experienced by an individual across most behavioural domains.
- we could say someone is highly motivated if they feel motivated with school, work, occupation etc. with most tasks.
