Stress and PA. Flashcards
1
Q
what are some biological sources of stress?
A
- substance abuse (alcohol and drugs).
- nutritional excess (caffeine, food and sugar).
- hormone secretion- epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol.
2
Q
what are some psychological sources of stress?
A
- perfectionist attitudes.
- compulsiveness.
- obsessions.
- need for control.
- neuroses.
- attitude, personality , values and motivation.
3
Q
what are interpersonal sources of stress?
A
- lack of social skills.
- shyness.
- insecurity.
- loneliness.
- environmental strain (noise, temperature).
- personality, social skills, netwok, environment and motivation
4
Q
What did Gunnar and Heim define anticipatory as in 2009?
A
- stressors are based on the expectation as a result of learning and memory.
5
Q
what is stress?
A
- a state of disharmony or threatened homeostasis.
6
Q
what is distress?
A
- negative stress ( divorce, deadlines, exams).
- produces uncomfortable feelings and harmful physical consequences, is bad.
- is something we dislike and seek to avoid.
7
Q
what is eustress?
A
- positive stress (marriage, graduation, job promotion).
- produces positive feelings.
- motivating surge of energy ( can improve the efficiency and quality of whatever you are doing- exercise, sports and physical activity.
8
Q
what is the general adaptation syndrome?
A
- it is a continuum of three stages developed by Selye in 1936.
9
Q
what are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome?
A
- arousal/alarm.
- resistance.
- exhaustion.
10
Q
what happens in the alarm response?
A
- multiple physiological reactions, most notably fight or flight reactions more so in males.
- females are more oriented towards a behavioural response of tend and befriend.
11
Q
what feelings does the initial reaction result in?
A
- anxiety, irritability, and vulnerability until the stressor is resolved.
12
Q
what is resistance?
A
- it is the stage that we progress to if the stressor is not resolved and continues characterized by strain, worry, cynicism, and difficulty sleeping.
13
Q
what is the exhaustion stage?
A
- if the stress becomes prolonged and chronic with no resolution the individual experiences sufficient strain causing fatigue and numerous, insidious stress-related disorders, including anxiety and depression.
14
Q
when is the stress response initiated?
A
- when some real, perceived or expected threat is encountered
15
Q
what part of the brain is responsible for initiating the stress response?
A
- the amygdala–> stimulates the hypothalamus releasing adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone and cortisol which initiate the flight or fight response.
16
Q
what are the hormones involved in the stress response?
A
- catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine; released from the inner area of adrenal gland (adrenal medulla).
- cortisol; released from the outer portion of the adrenal gland (the adrenal cortex).
17
Q
what is a primary appraisal?
A
- accessing something as important yet potentially damaging ( challenge, threat or harm).
demands of the situation- what do I have to do?
18
Q
what is a secondary appraisal?
A
- acessing one’s resources to cope with the situation.
- resources available to cope- how can I cope?
19
Q
what is homeostasis?
A
- ability of an organism to change and stabilize its internal environment in spite of constant changes in the external environment.
20
Q
what does HPA stand for?
A
- hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenocortical.
21
Q
what does SAM stand for?
A
sympathetic adrenal medullary.
22
Q
what causes allostatic load?
A
to much load, or the wear and tear on the brain and the body, occurs from ongoing overactivity or inactivity of either system, which ultimately results in illness or disease. (HPA and SAM).
ex. chronic elevation in blood pressure or heart rate can lead to decreased immune function.
23
Q
what is the cross-stressor adaption hypothesis?
A
- exposure to a stressor of sufficient intensity and/or duration will induce adaptation of stress response systems and decreased sensitivity.
24
Q
what is sensitization?
A
- instead of adapting to the stressor the response to the stressor instead becomes more profound.
25
what are active stressors?
- tasks/situations in which the individual’s response leads to a particular outcome; the response is under the individual’s control.
ex. punching someone for self defense.
26
what are passive stressors?
- tasks/situations in which the individual’s response has no bearing on the outcome; he or she has no control over the situation; it often involves pain or noise that is unavoidable.
ex. screaming at cashier cause the total was to much and you don't have enough money (screaming wont get you anywhere).
27
What is stress?
- Pattern of responses an organism makes to stressors that disturb it equilibrium and tax or exceed its ability to cope.
28
what is the intuitive nature of stress? stressors?
- stressors are the stimuli or events that place demands on us.
29
what type of stress responses can we have?
psychological, cognitive, behavioral or all three.
30
what is a person-situation interaction?
- the transaction between an organism an environment.
31
what are the four aspects of the stress appraisal?
1. primary appraisal.
2. secondary appraisal.
3. judgements of consequences of situation.
4. personal meaning.
32
what are the judgments of consequence's of situation?
- what are the costs to me?
33
what is personal meaning?
- what does the outcome imply?
| - what does this say about my beliefs in myself or the world.
34
how do we respond to acute stress situations?
1. flight-or-flight response.
| 2. tend-and-befriend response.
35
what is the fight or flight response?
- Walter cannon argued that the body prepares for fighting or fleeing.
36
what is the tend-and-befriend response?
- Shelley Taylor argued responses specific to women.
| - tend to befriend others and broaden social networks.
37
how do we understand the stress as a response?
general adaptation syndrome.
38
what is the general adaptation syndrome?
- stress is the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it (Selye, 1974).
- everyone experiences GAS when under extreme stress.
39
What causes the alarm response?
- our body is programmed for homeostasis.
| - the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for the fight or flight response.
40
what is the autonomic nervous system?
- part of the nervous system that controls involuntary movement of smooth muscles plus the heart and lungs.
41
what happens in the resistance phase?
- bodily signs characteristic of the alarm reaction virtually disappear.
- resistance actually rises to above normal.
42
we can start to function at levels higher of normal physiological function known as?
the cross over adaptation hypothesis.
| i.e. the American sniper, the hurt locker.
43
what happens in the exhaustion phase?
- body exhausts its energy supply.
| - physical symptoms and signs originally evident in alarm reaction reappear.
44
What is the difference between symptoms in the alarm reaction vs exhaustion?
- many of the symptoms are irreversible.
| - damage to the body can be permanent and ultimately deadly.
45
what can the same physical activity or exercise cause?
- either eustress or distress.
46
what determines the amount of stress someone experiences and whether it will be perceived as good or bad?
- how the individual appraises it.
| - individual responses to the same event will vary dependent on a multitude of factors.
47
how does experience impact eustress or distress?
- early stressful or nurturing environments can determine how stressful someone deems a situations.
48
What three factors consider the stress response to be predictable and measurable?
- novelty or newness of the stressor, its degree of predictability, and how much perceived control over the stressor the individual has.
