Theory: Gender (The Dominance Model) Theorists, Expirments and Studies Flashcards
‘Male as norm’?
Spender
Introduces the idea of ‘male as norm’ - women are extensions of men. For example, men are always introduced first (Mr and Mrs).
‘Marked terms’?
Schulz and Lakoff
Terms are marked (called ‘marked terms’) to female equivalent - usually using the suffix -ess and -ette, for example, ‘hostess’, ‘bachelorette’.
Negative terms?
Stanley
There are 220 negative terms to describe a promiscuous woman, but only 20 to describe an equivalent male.
Semantic derogation?
Schulz
Terms used to describe women have become more negative over time. Schulz calls this semantic derogation or semantic degeneration, for example, ‘spinster’.
Animal insults?
Perrson
Animal insults are used to allude to a woman’s sexual behaviour - usually to imply prostitution.
Food and animals?
Holmes
Women are often referred to as food and animals, for example, ‘cow’, ‘sugar’.
Men interrupt?
Zimmerman and West
Men interrupt women 96-100% of the time in mixed- sex conversations.
Zimmerman and West’s study?
Beattie
Zimmerman and West’s study wasn’t accurate because their sample was far too small. Beattie’s study uses 10 times as many participants and states that men and women interrupt with equal frequency.
Parents interrupt?
Greif
Parents interrupt daughters more than sons and male parents interrupt more overall.
‘Conversational shitwork’?
Fishman
Women are left to do the ‘conversational shitwork’ - if they do not do it, the conversational would fail.
Men control?
Coates
Men control the topic of conversation and usually keep the topics to usually male-orientated subjects.
The Bechdel test?
This judges whether a piece of work (book, film, theatre, TV etc) has:
- two women
- who talk to each other
- about something other than men.
Many pieces of work fail this test.
Commenting on a Women’s Sexual Behaviour?
Parker et al
Commenting on a woman’s sexual behaviour is designed to damage her social status and cause negative psychological effects.
