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MRAD2240 > Theory Assessment 3 Weeks 9-11 (GI) > Flashcards

Theory Assessment 3 Weeks 9-11 (GI) Flashcards

1
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistula
what is it?
acquired from?
lead to?

A

congenital/acquired CONNECTION between the TRACHEA + ESOPHAGUS
- many DIFF kinds
- acquired from MALIGNANCY, INFECTION, TRAUMA
- lead to severe pulmonary complications

FISTULA= form/fuse

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2
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Radiographic Appearance

A

with CM, will show BRIGHT esophageal COMMUNICATION

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3
Q

Esophageal Atresia
what is it?
accompanied by?
surgery?

A

FAILURE of the esophagus to
develop as a CONTINUOUS
passage
-ending in a POUCH
- accompanied by tracheoesophageal fistula
- IMMEDIATE SURGERY needed to prevent STARVATION

AtreSIA= “SEE YA” esophagus!

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4
Q

Esophageal Atresia
Radiographic Appearance

A

with CM, will show esophagus ENDING ABRUPTLY

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5
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease (GERD)
what is it?
develops when?
feeling?

A

any type of REFLUX of
the STOMACH contents (including
stomach acid) into the ESOPHAGUS

  • develops when LOWER esophageal sphincter does NOT work PROPERLY
  • burning chest
    -produces superficial ulcerations
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6
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux
Radiographic Appearance

A

BARIUM + CO2 shows, STREAKS/DOTS of barium of esophagus from
erosions and ulcerations

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7
Q

Dysphagia

A

difficulty/ pain when SWALLOWING
- usually due to MALIGNANCY in esophagus

DySphagia=
D= difficulty
S= swallowing

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8
Q

Dysphagia
Radiographic Appearance

A

abnormalities, masses, barium NOT getting SWALLOWED as normal on
barium swallow

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9
Q

Esophageal Carcinoma
what is it?
common site?
correlated to?

A

esophagus CANCER
- common site = Esophagogastric JUNCTION
-difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
-correlated to ALCOHOL
and SMOKING

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10
Q

Esophageal Carcinoma
Radiographic Appearance

A

Barium shows,
-FLAT lesions
- IRREGULARITY in esophageal WALL

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11
Q

Zenker’s/ Zenker Diverticulum
diverticulum?
zenker?
appearance?
risk of?

A

Diverticulum:
small bulging POUCHES
- form in LINING of DIGESTIVE system

Zenker:
pharyngo-esophagal pouch
-traps food/liquid

POSTERIOR OUTPOUCHING
INC danger of ASPIRATION

ZENKER wanker…..CANKER!! = sore/POUCH

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12
Q

Zenker’s/ Zenker Diverticulum
Radiographic Appearance

A

barium swallow, SAC that
fills with barium POSTERIORLY

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13
Q

Esophageal Varices
what is it?
where is it?
due to?

A

DILATED VEINS
- in WALL of ESOPHAGUS
- commonly due to portal hypertension
- BLOOD uses esophageal/gastric routes due to NOT using LIVER

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14
Q

Esophageal Varices
Radiographic Appearance

A

DOUBLE barium swallow,
-Serpiginous (wavy border)
-thickening of folds
-oval filling defects

“Serpiginous” = SERPENT
“Vari-CES”= SSSSerpent

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15
Q

Hiatal Hernia
what is it?
causes?

A

part of STOMACH PROTRUDES through DIAPHRAGM and up into thoracic cavity
- COMMON GI pathology
- cause stomach ACID in ESOPHAGUS
- may be “sliding”/ asymptomatic

HI-atal = moves up HIGH

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16
Q

Hiatal Hernia
Radiographic Appearance

A

part of stomach ABOVE lower sphincter
- S.T MASS with AIR/FLUID level

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17
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia (Congenital)
what is it?
allows what into chest?
causes?

A

MALformation of DIAPHRAGM
-allows abdominal CONTENTS to
protrude INTO CHEST
- causes improper lung DEVELOPMENT

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18
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia (Congenital)
Radiographic Appearance

A

ABDOMINAL contents
ABOVE diaphragm (in thoracic
cavity)

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19
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia (Acquired)
what is it?
who does it affect?

A

Abdominal ORGANS can prolapse INTO the THORACIC cavity
- adult trauma

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20
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia (Acquired)
Radiographic Appearance

A

abdominal CONTENTS ABOVE
diaphragm (in thoracic cavity)

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21
Q

Achalasia
what is it?
where is it?
causes?

A

OBSTRUCTION of DISTAL section of esophagus
-PROXIMAL dilation caused by
incomplete relaxation of L.E.S

a-C-halasia= closing/narrowing

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22
Q

Achalasia
Radiographic Appearance

A

Barium,
DILATED esophagus and NARROW at
DISTAL end

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23
Q

Foreign Bodies

A

aspirated, ingested or penetrated object
-radiopaque/radiolucent
-may be anywhere along GI (TOP of nasopharynx -> anus)

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24
Q

Perforation of Esophagus
what is it?
caused by?

A

perforation/hole in esophagus
- caused by VOMITING/COUGHING… esophagitis, peptic ulcer, trauma, neoplasm

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25
Perforation of Esophagus Radiographic Procedure
-Lucent line (intra mural dissection) - Free AIR in MEDIASTINUM - EXTRAVASATION of CM (use iodine, not barium, if suspected)
26
Situs Inversus what is it?
organs may be on OPPOSITE sides from normal
27
Situs Inversus Radiographic Appearance
organ on OPPOSITE side mark with L/R correctly
28
Pyloric Stenosis what is it? what does it prevent?
thicker/ENLARGED pyloric SPHINCTER -congenital -food UNABLE to reach DUDENUM
29
Pyloric Stenosis Radiographic Appearance
- Filling defect - MUSHROOM sign STEN-osis = STEM of mushroom
30
Peptic Ulcer Disease
stomach ACID ulcers -shallow erosions/large ulcers = PERFORATE wall
31
Duodenal Ulcers what is it? where?
common manifestation of PEPTIC ULCER disease -Most are in duodenal BULB
32
Duodenal Ulcers Radiographic Appearance
collection of CM in a crater projecting OUT from duodenal lumen - BULB formation
33
Gastric Ulcers - occur where?
ulcer -5% are MALIGNANT - in LESSER CURVATURE
34
Gastric Ulcers Radiographic Appearance
contrast medium protruding outside the stomach lumen
35
Carcinoma of the Stomach what is it? where does it start?
Stomach cancer -can METASTASIZE - start in MUCOSA (inner layer) usually at JUNCTION
36
Carcinoma of Stomach Radiographic Appearance
-NARROWING/ loss of elasticity -May show as UNEVEN stomach CONTOUR -small MASSES indenting stomach
37
Crohns Disease what is it? where?
chronic INFLAMMATORY disorder of UNKOWN cause - PROXIMAL portion of COLON - bowel loops BIND together CHROHNS= COBBLESTONE
38
Crohns Disease Radiographic Appearance
Barium, - irregular/THICKENED mucosal folds - STRING SIGN = narrowed stretch of bowel with NO mucosal PATTERN -SKIP LESIONS = diseased segments separated by healthy segments
39
Small Bowel Obstruction what is it? what does it produce?
BLOCKAGE of SMALL intestine - due to adhesions from surgeries, hernia, tumours - produce ischemia
40
Small Bowel Obstruction Radiographic Appearance
-AIR FLUID levels seen -May look like a LADDER or CASCADE - small bowel DISTENDS = looks like LARGE bowel
41
Adynamic (Paralytic) Ileus what is it? localized vs colonic?
Fluid/ gas (and any bowel contents) do NOT progress normally through BOWEL - fails to begin PERISTALISIS Localized ileus = small part of small or large bowel affected Colonic ileus = large bowel affected
42
Localized Ileus
Isolated distended loop (sentinel loop)
43
Localized Ileus Radiographic Appearance
ONE very DISTENDED loop
44
Colonic Ileus
Excessive gaseous DISTENTION of bowel
45
Colonic Ileus Radiographic Appearance
Retention of large amounts of gas and fluid in dilated small/large bowel
46
Intussusception what is it? causes?
TELESCOPING of part of the intestinal tract INTO ANOTHER because of PERISTALSIS -compromise the VASCULAR supply - causes BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
47
Intussusception Radiographic Appearance
X-ray: coiled spring appearance on contrast enema CT - Three concentric circles forming a soft tissue mass; target sign
48
Hemangiomas what is it? appears where? causes?
BENIGN vascular tumours -appears in BOWEL -cause BLEEDING
49
Hemangiomas Radiographic Appearance
-MASS on CM study
50
Inguinal Hernia what is it?
abdominal CONTENTS PROTRUDE through WEAK area in abdominal WALL - Inguinal Canals -sac BULGES out
51
Inguinal Hernia Radiographic Appearance
PROTRUDING parts may be visible on imaging, NOT within abdominal
52
Diverticulum / Diverticulosis what is it? where is it? due to?
OUT-POUCHINGS (herniations) of mucosa/submucosa - MUSCULAR layers at weakness in bowel wall - due to LACK of WATER/FIBER
53
Diverticulum/Diverticulosis Radiographic Appearance
Multiple ROUND/OVAL outpouchings from bowel DIVER= diverse=lots
54
Diverticulitis what is it?
Complication of diverticular disease -lead to INFLAMMATION & perforation
55
Diverticulitis Radiographic Appearance
- ROUND outpouching of bowel - ABCESS S.T mass
56
Polyps what are they? where are they commonly?
BENIGN neoplasms into LUMEN of BOWEL - DESC/SIG colon
57
Polyps Radiographic Appearance
-filling DEFECT -BULGE flat against WALL
58
Sessile (Flat) Polyp
-Irregular LOBULATED surface -Lie FLAT against colon wall -likely to be MALIGNANT
59
Pedunculated Polyp
- Smooth surface with LONG thin STALK -likely to be BENIGN
60
Ulcerative Colitis what is it? begins where? can become?
INFLAMMATORY bowel disease - begin in RECTOSIGMOID area - can become CANCEROUS
61
Ulcerative Colitis Radiographic Appearance
- GRANULAR mucosa - Thumbprint/Collarbutton
62
Toxic Megacolon what is it? leads to?
Extreme DILATION of part/all of large colon -lead to spontaneous bowel PERFORATION
63
Toxic Megacolon Radiographic Appearance
HUGE, AIR-filled colon
64
Colorectal Cancer what is it? common age?
cancer of COLON+RECTUM -ulceration common -50-70yrs of age
65
Colorectal Cancer Radiographic Appearance
NARROWED section of lumen with IRREGULAR contours
66
Annular Colorectal Carcinoma what is it?
Annular LESIONS surround the bowel from the OUTSIDE - Most common bowel cancer
67
Annular Colorectal Carcinoma Radiographic Appearance
Barium enema, -APPLE core/NAPKIN filling defect A-nnular= A = APPLE
68
Large Bowel Obstruction what is it? due to?
BLOCKAGE of LARGE bowel -Usually due to PRIMARY colon cancer - LESS severe than S.B.O
69
Large Bowel Obstruction Radiographic Appearance
-DILATED colon -Bowel GAS
70
Volvulus what is it? where?
TWISTING of bowel on itself that= abdominal OBSTRUCTION -cecum, sigmoid
71
Volvulus Radiographic Appearance
CECUM Volvulus= KIDNEY sign SIGMOID Volvulus= BIRD beak sign
72
Malrotation of Bowel/ Colon what is it? when does it happen?
TWISTING of bowels occuring during FETAL DEVELOPMENT
73
Malrotation of Bowel/ Colon Radiographic Appearance
Abnormal LOCATION of bowels
74
Imperforate Anus (Anal Atresia)
Congenital lack of anal OPENING
75
Imperforate Anus (Anal Atresia) Radiographic Appearance
-Multiple DILATED bowel loops filled with GAS - Absence of rectal gas
76
Cholelithiasis what is it?
GALLSTONES - cholestrol=radiolucent -calcium=radiopaque
77
Cholelithiasis Radiographic Appearance
WHITEISH rock like - US for visualization
78
Cholecystitis what is it? how does it occur?
INFLAMMATION of gallbladder - occurs after impacted gallstone OBSTRUCTS the cystic duct
79
Cholecystitis Radiographic Appearance
AIR ring surrounding GALLBLADDER - and stones
80
Choledocholithiasis what is it?
presence of at least ONE gallstone in common bile DUCT * May BLOCK duct
81
Choledocholithiasis Radiographic Appearance
stones, filling defect, blocked
82
Hepatitis what is it? cause? 3 types?
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER - from infection HEP A= fecal-oral route (CONTAMINATED food/water) HEP B= exposure to CONTAMINATED blood/products HEP C= contaminated blood transfusion/ sexual contact
83
Hepatitis Radiographic Appearance
EARLY hep= NO sign ENLARGED liver = LIFTED hemidiaphragm
84
Liver Cirrhosis what is it? caused by?
End-stage liver disease Chronic DESTRUCTION of liver cells/ structures - caused by ALCOHOLISM (10-20yrs)
85
Liver Cirrhosis Radiographic Appearance
- FAT accumulation on LIVER - enlarged SPLEEN due to pressure
86
Ascites what is it? caused by?
Accumulation of FLUID in peritoneal cavity - due to liver damage (hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver
87
Ascites Radiographic Appearance
-Ground GLASS - Fluid to LOWER POST pelvis portion when SUPINE
88
Hepatocellular Carcinoma what is it? strains from?
Liver CANCER -typically patients with UNDERLYING liver DISEASE
89
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Radiographic Appearance
LARGE solitary mass OR SMALL multiple masses -mets
90
Liver Hemangiomas what is it? causes?
Hepatic VASCULAR tumors -cause edema/jaundice
91
Liver Hemangiomas Radiographic Appearance
HYPODENSE unenhanced lesions
92
Pancreatitis what is it? two types?
INFLAMMATION of pancreas ACUTE pancreas begins to DIGEST itself using enzymes CHRONIC REPEATED INJURY causes scar tissue
93
Pancreatitis Radiographic Appearance
ACUTE swollen loopy pancreas CHRONIC calcification of pancreas
94
Pancreatic Carcinoma what is it? where?
pancreatic CANCER -adenocarcinoma -60% in HEAD of pancreas -enlarged
95
Pancreatic Carcinoma Radiographic Appearance
- tumor in pancreas - distorted pancreas
96
Diabetes Mellitus what is it? what does it cause?
Pancreas FAILS to secrete INSULIN - Lack of insulin prevents GLUCOSE form entering cells = hyperglycemia as glucose stays in blood
97
Diabetes Mellitus Radiographic Appearance
-peripheral vessel calcificaction - necrotizing infection
98
Hypoglycemia what is it? caused by?
LOW blood sugar -tired,shaky,sweaty -not enough food
99
Pneumoperitoneum what is it? caused by?
FREE AIR in the peritoneal cavity - caused by perforation of GI tract, - septic infection, penetrating injuries or blunt trauma
100
Pneumoperitoneum Radiographic Appearance
upright/decubitus for 10mins -air/fluid levels -air RISES (sickle-shape) -fluid SINKS

MRAD2240 (3 decks)

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