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MRAD2240 > Theory Assessment 3 Weeks 9-11 (GI) > Flashcards

Theory Assessment 3 Weeks 9-11 (GI) Flashcards

1
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistula
what is it?
acquired from?
lead to?

A

congenital/acquired CONNECTION between the TRACHEA + ESOPHAGUS
- many DIFF kinds
- acquired from MALIGNANCY, INFECTION, TRAUMA
- lead to severe pulmonary complications

FISTULA= form/fuse

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2
Q

Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Radiographic Appearance

A

with CM, will show BRIGHT esophageal COMMUNICATION

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3
Q

Esophageal Atresia
what is it?
accompanied by?
surgery?

A

FAILURE of the esophagus to
develop as a CONTINUOUS
passage
-ending in a POUCH
- accompanied by tracheoesophageal fistula
- IMMEDIATE SURGERY needed to prevent STARVATION

AtreSIA= “SEE YA” esophagus!

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4
Q

Esophageal Atresia
Radiographic Appearance

A

with CM, will show esophagus ENDING ABRUPTLY

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5
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease (GERD)
what is it?
develops when?
feeling?

A

any type of REFLUX of
the STOMACH contents (including
stomach acid) into the ESOPHAGUS

  • develops when LOWER esophageal sphincter does NOT work PROPERLY
  • burning chest
    -produces superficial ulcerations
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6
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux
Radiographic Appearance

A

BARIUM + CO2 shows, STREAKS/DOTS of barium of esophagus from
erosions and ulcerations

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7
Q

Dysphagia

A

difficulty/ pain when SWALLOWING
- usually due to MALIGNANCY in esophagus

DySphagia=
D= difficulty
S= swallowing

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8
Q

Dysphagia
Radiographic Appearance

A

abnormalities, masses, barium NOT getting SWALLOWED as normal on
barium swallow

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9
Q

Esophageal Carcinoma
what is it?
common site?
correlated to?

A

esophagus CANCER
- common site = Esophagogastric JUNCTION
-difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
-correlated to ALCOHOL
and SMOKING

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10
Q

Esophageal Carcinoma
Radiographic Appearance

A

Barium shows,
-FLAT lesions
- IRREGULARITY in esophageal WALL

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11
Q

Zenker’s/ Zenker Diverticulum
diverticulum?
zenker?
appearance?
risk of?

A

Diverticulum:
small bulging POUCHES
- form in LINING of DIGESTIVE system

Zenker:
pharyngo-esophagal pouch
-traps food/liquid

POSTERIOR OUTPOUCHING
INC danger of ASPIRATION

ZENKER wanker…..CANKER!! = sore/POUCH

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12
Q

Zenker’s/ Zenker Diverticulum
Radiographic Appearance

A

barium swallow, SAC that
fills with barium POSTERIORLY

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13
Q

Esophageal Varices
what is it?
where is it?
due to?

A

DILATED VEINS
- in WALL of ESOPHAGUS
- commonly due to portal hypertension
- BLOOD uses esophageal/gastric routes due to NOT using LIVER

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14
Q

Esophageal Varices
Radiographic Appearance

A

DOUBLE barium swallow,
-Serpiginous (wavy border)
-thickening of folds
-oval filling defects

“Serpiginous” = SERPENT
“Vari-CES”= SSSSerpent

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15
Q

Hiatal Hernia
what is it?
causes?

A

part of STOMACH PROTRUDES through DIAPHRAGM and up into thoracic cavity
- COMMON GI pathology
- cause stomach ACID in ESOPHAGUS
- may be “sliding”/ asymptomatic

HI-atal = moves up HIGH

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16
Q

Hiatal Hernia
Radiographic Appearance

A

part of stomach ABOVE lower sphincter
- S.T MASS with AIR/FLUID level

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17
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia (Congenital)
what is it?
allows what into chest?
causes?

A

MALformation of DIAPHRAGM
-allows abdominal CONTENTS to
protrude INTO CHEST
- causes improper lung DEVELOPMENT

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18
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia (Congenital)
Radiographic Appearance

A

ABDOMINAL contents
ABOVE diaphragm (in thoracic
cavity)

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19
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia (Acquired)
what is it?
who does it affect?

A

Abdominal ORGANS can prolapse INTO the THORACIC cavity
- adult trauma

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20
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia (Acquired)
Radiographic Appearance

A

abdominal CONTENTS ABOVE
diaphragm (in thoracic cavity)

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21
Q

Achalasia
what is it?
where is it?
causes?

A

OBSTRUCTION of DISTAL section of esophagus
-PROXIMAL dilation caused by
incomplete relaxation of L.E.S

a-C-halasia= closing/narrowing

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22
Q

Achalasia
Radiographic Appearance

A

Barium,
DILATED esophagus and NARROW at
DISTAL end

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23
Q

Foreign Bodies

A

aspirated, ingested or penetrated object
-radiopaque/radiolucent
-may be anywhere along GI (TOP of nasopharynx -> anus)

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24
Q

Perforation of Esophagus
what is it?
caused by?

A

perforation/hole in esophagus
- caused by VOMITING/COUGHING… esophagitis, peptic ulcer, trauma, neoplasm

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25
Q

Perforation of Esophagus
Radiographic Procedure

A

-Lucent line (intra mural dissection)
- Free AIR in MEDIASTINUM
- EXTRAVASATION of CM (use iodine, not barium, if suspected)

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26
Q

Situs Inversus
what is it?

A

organs may be on OPPOSITE sides from normal

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27
Q

Situs Inversus
Radiographic Appearance

A

organ on OPPOSITE side
mark with L/R correctly

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28
Q

Pyloric Stenosis
what is it?
what does it prevent?

A

thicker/ENLARGED pyloric SPHINCTER
-congenital
-food UNABLE to reach DUDENUM

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29
Q

Pyloric Stenosis
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • Filling defect
  • MUSHROOM sign

STEN-osis = STEM of mushroom

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30
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

stomach ACID ulcers
-shallow erosions/large ulcers = PERFORATE wall

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31
Q

Duodenal Ulcers
what is it?
where?

A

common manifestation of PEPTIC
ULCER disease
-Most are in duodenal BULB

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32
Q

Duodenal Ulcers
Radiographic Appearance

A

collection of CM in a crater projecting
OUT from duodenal lumen
- BULB formation

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33
Q

Gastric Ulcers
- occur where?

A

ulcer
-5% are MALIGNANT
- in LESSER CURVATURE

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34
Q

Gastric Ulcers
Radiographic Appearance

A

contrast medium
protruding outside the stomach
lumen

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35
Q

Carcinoma of the Stomach
what is it?
where does it start?

A

Stomach cancer
-can METASTASIZE
- start in MUCOSA (inner layer) usually at JUNCTION

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36
Q

Carcinoma of Stomach
Radiographic Appearance

A

-NARROWING/ loss of elasticity
-May show as UNEVEN stomach CONTOUR
-small MASSES indenting stomach

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37
Q

Crohns Disease
what is it?
where?

A

chronic INFLAMMATORY disorder of UNKOWN cause
- PROXIMAL portion of COLON
- bowel loops BIND together

CHROHNS= COBBLESTONE

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38
Q

Crohns Disease
Radiographic Appearance

A

Barium,
- irregular/THICKENED mucosal folds
- STRING SIGN = narrowed stretch of bowel with NO mucosal PATTERN
-SKIP LESIONS = diseased segments separated by healthy segments

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39
Q

Small Bowel Obstruction
what is it?
what does it produce?

A

BLOCKAGE of SMALL intestine
- due to adhesions from surgeries, hernia, tumours
- produce ischemia

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40
Q

Small Bowel Obstruction
Radiographic Appearance

A

-AIR FLUID levels seen
-May look like a LADDER or CASCADE
- small bowel DISTENDS = looks like LARGE bowel

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41
Q

Adynamic (Paralytic) Ileus
what is it?
localized vs colonic?

A

Fluid/ gas (and any bowel contents) do NOT progress normally
through BOWEL
- fails to begin PERISTALISIS

Localized ileus = small part of small or large bowel affected

Colonic ileus = large bowel affected

42
Q

Localized Ileus

A

Isolated distended loop (sentinel
loop)

43
Q

Localized Ileus
Radiographic Appearance

A

ONE very DISTENDED loop

44
Q

Colonic Ileus

A

Excessive gaseous DISTENTION of bowel

45
Q

Colonic Ileus
Radiographic Appearance

A

Retention of large amounts of gas and fluid in dilated small/large bowel

46
Q

Intussusception
what is it?
causes?

A

TELESCOPING of part of the intestinal tract INTO ANOTHER because of PERISTALSIS
-compromise the VASCULAR supply
- causes BOWEL OBSTRUCTION

47
Q

Intussusception
Radiographic Appearance

A

X-ray: coiled spring appearance on contrast enema

CT - Three concentric circles forming a soft tissue mass; target
sign

48
Q

Hemangiomas
what is it?
appears where?
causes?

A

BENIGN vascular tumours
-appears in BOWEL
-cause BLEEDING

49
Q

Hemangiomas
Radiographic Appearance

A

-MASS on CM study

50
Q

Inguinal Hernia
what is it?

A

abdominal CONTENTS PROTRUDE through WEAK area in abdominal WALL
- Inguinal Canals
-sac BULGES out

51
Q

Inguinal Hernia
Radiographic Appearance

A

PROTRUDING parts may be visible on imaging, NOT within abdominal

52
Q

Diverticulum / Diverticulosis
what is it?
where is it?
due to?

A

OUT-POUCHINGS (herniations) of mucosa/submucosa
- MUSCULAR layers at weakness in bowel wall
- due to LACK of WATER/FIBER

53
Q

Diverticulum/Diverticulosis
Radiographic Appearance

A

Multiple ROUND/OVAL
outpouchings from bowel

DIVER= diverse=lots

54
Q

Diverticulitis
what is it?

A

Complication of diverticular disease
-lead to INFLAMMATION & perforation

55
Q

Diverticulitis
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • ROUND outpouching of bowel
  • ABCESS S.T mass
56
Q

Polyps
what are they?
where are they commonly?

A

BENIGN neoplasms into LUMEN of BOWEL
- DESC/SIG colon

57
Q

Polyps
Radiographic Appearance

A

-filling DEFECT
-BULGE flat against WALL

58
Q

Sessile (Flat)
Polyp

A

-Irregular LOBULATED surface
-Lie FLAT against colon wall
-likely to be MALIGNANT

59
Q

Pedunculated Polyp

A
  • Smooth surface with LONG thin STALK
    -likely to be BENIGN
60
Q

Ulcerative Colitis
what is it?
begins where?
can become?

A

INFLAMMATORY bowel disease
- begin in RECTOSIGMOID area
- can become CANCEROUS

61
Q

Ulcerative Colitis
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • GRANULAR mucosa
  • Thumbprint/Collarbutton
62
Q

Toxic Megacolon
what is it?
leads to?

A

Extreme DILATION of part/all of
large colon
-lead to spontaneous bowel
PERFORATION

63
Q

Toxic Megacolon
Radiographic Appearance

A

HUGE, AIR-filled colon

64
Q

Colorectal Cancer
what is it?
common age?

A

cancer of COLON+RECTUM
-ulceration common
-50-70yrs of age

65
Q

Colorectal Cancer
Radiographic Appearance

A

NARROWED section of lumen with
IRREGULAR contours

66
Q

Annular Colorectal
Carcinoma
what is it?

A

Annular LESIONS surround the bowel from the OUTSIDE
- Most common bowel cancer

67
Q

Annular Colorectal
Carcinoma
Radiographic Appearance

A

Barium enema,
-APPLE core/NAPKIN filling defect

A-nnular= A = APPLE

68
Q

Large Bowel Obstruction
what is it?
due to?

A

BLOCKAGE of LARGE bowel
-Usually due to PRIMARY colon cancer
- LESS severe than S.B.O

69
Q

Large Bowel Obstruction
Radiographic Appearance

A

-DILATED colon
-Bowel GAS

70
Q

Volvulus
what is it?
where?

A

TWISTING of bowel on itself that= abdominal OBSTRUCTION
-cecum, sigmoid

71
Q

Volvulus
Radiographic Appearance

A

CECUM Volvulus= KIDNEY sign
SIGMOID Volvulus= BIRD beak sign

72
Q

Malrotation of Bowel/ Colon
what is it?
when does it happen?

A

TWISTING of bowels occuring during FETAL DEVELOPMENT

73
Q

Malrotation of Bowel/ Colon
Radiographic Appearance

A

Abnormal LOCATION of bowels

74
Q

Imperforate Anus (Anal Atresia)

A

Congenital lack of anal OPENING

75
Q

Imperforate Anus (Anal Atresia)
Radiographic Appearance

A

-Multiple DILATED bowel loops filled with GAS
- Absence of rectal gas

76
Q

Cholelithiasis
what is it?

A

GALLSTONES
- cholestrol=radiolucent
-calcium=radiopaque

77
Q

Cholelithiasis
Radiographic Appearance

A

WHITEISH rock like
- US for visualization

78
Q

Cholecystitis
what is it?
how does it occur?

A

INFLAMMATION of gallbladder
- occurs after impacted gallstone
OBSTRUCTS the cystic duct

79
Q

Cholecystitis
Radiographic Appearance

A

AIR ring surrounding GALLBLADDER
- and stones

80
Q

Choledocholithiasis
what is it?

A

presence of at least ONE gallstone in common bile DUCT
* May BLOCK duct

81
Q

Choledocholithiasis
Radiographic Appearance

A

stones, filling defect, blocked

82
Q

Hepatitis
what is it?
cause?
3 types?

A

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER
- from infection

HEP A= fecal-oral route (CONTAMINATED food/water)
HEP B= exposure to CONTAMINATED blood/products
HEP C= contaminated blood transfusion/ sexual contact

83
Q

Hepatitis
Radiographic Appearance

A

EARLY hep= NO sign

ENLARGED liver = LIFTED hemidiaphragm

84
Q

Liver Cirrhosis
what is it?
caused by?

A

End-stage liver disease
Chronic DESTRUCTION of liver cells/ structures
- caused by ALCOHOLISM (10-20yrs)

85
Q

Liver Cirrhosis
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • FAT accumulation on LIVER
  • enlarged SPLEEN due to pressure
86
Q

Ascites
what is it?
caused by?

A

Accumulation of FLUID in peritoneal cavity
- due to liver damage (hepatitis,
cirrhosis, fatty liver

87
Q

Ascites Radiographic Appearance

A

-Ground GLASS
- Fluid to LOWER POST pelvis portion when SUPINE

88
Q

Hepatocellular Carcinoma
what is it?
strains from?

A

Liver CANCER
-typically patients with UNDERLYING liver DISEASE

89
Q

Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Radiographic Appearance

A

LARGE solitary mass OR SMALL multiple masses
-mets

90
Q

Liver Hemangiomas
what is it?
causes?

A

Hepatic VASCULAR tumors
-cause edema/jaundice

91
Q

Liver Hemangiomas
Radiographic Appearance

A

HYPODENSE unenhanced lesions

92
Q

Pancreatitis
what is it?
two types?

A

INFLAMMATION of pancreas

ACUTE
pancreas begins to DIGEST itself using enzymes

CHRONIC
REPEATED INJURY causes scar tissue

93
Q

Pancreatitis
Radiographic Appearance

A

ACUTE
swollen loopy pancreas

CHRONIC
calcification of pancreas

94
Q

Pancreatic Carcinoma
what is it?
where?

A

pancreatic CANCER
-adenocarcinoma
-60% in HEAD of pancreas
-enlarged

95
Q

Pancreatic Carcinoma
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • tumor in pancreas
  • distorted pancreas
96
Q

Diabetes Mellitus
what is it?
what does it cause?

A

Pancreas FAILS to secrete INSULIN
- Lack of insulin prevents GLUCOSE
form entering cells = hyperglycemia as glucose stays in blood

97
Q

Diabetes Mellitus
Radiographic Appearance

A

-peripheral vessel calcificaction
- necrotizing infection

98
Q

Hypoglycemia
what is it?
caused by?

A

LOW blood sugar
-tired,shaky,sweaty
-not enough food

99
Q

Pneumoperitoneum
what is it?
caused by?

A

FREE AIR in the peritoneal cavity
- caused by perforation of GI tract,
- septic infection, penetrating
injuries or blunt trauma

100
Q

Pneumoperitoneum
Radiographic Appearance

A

upright/decubitus for 10mins
-air/fluid levels
-air RISES (sickle-shape)
-fluid SINKS

MRAD2240 (3 decks)

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