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MRAD2240 > Theory Assessment 2 Weeks 5-8 (RESP + CARDIO) > Flashcards

Theory Assessment 2 Weeks 5-8 (RESP + CARDIO) Flashcards

1
Q

Lungs Role

A
  • ABSORB O2 for oxygenation of BLOOD
  • expel WASTE from cellular metabolism (CO2)
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2
Q

UPPER Respiratory System

A
  • OUTSIDE the thoracic cavity
  • gets AIR to LUNGS
  • nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx
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3
Q

LOWER Respiratory System
- gas exchange?
- cilia where?

A
  • trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
  • GAS exchange occurs at end of BRONCHIOLES in alveolar sacs
  • cilia lining TRACHEA + BRONCHI to prevent FOREIGN particles from entering
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4
Q

2 Different BLOOD SUPPLIES

A
  • Pulmonary Circulation (AIR)
  • Bronchial Circulation ( BLOOD supplying lungs)
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5
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • LOW pressure
  • LOW resistance
  • O2 + CO2 diffuse through
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6
Q

Bronchial Circulation

A
  • HIGH pressure
  • for lung and circulatory tissues
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7
Q

LEFT Lung

A
  • SUP + INF lobes
  • Separated by OBLIQUE fissure
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8
Q

RIGHT Lung

A
  • SUP + INF + MID lobes
  • MID + INF separated by OBLIQUE fissure
  • SUP + MID separated by HORIZONTAL fissure
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9
Q

Mediastinum (7 parts)

A
  • CENTER of chest
  • heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymphatics, nerves
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10
Q

Hilium

A
  • holds ROOT of lungs
  • contains major PULMONARY vessels , bronchial ENDS, lymph nodes
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11
Q

Medulla

A
  • at BASE of brain
  • regulates RESPIRATION through level of CO2 in blood
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12
Q

Diaphragm + Intercostal Muscles

A
  • muscles of RESPIRATION
  • CONTRACT= expansion, breath IN
  • RELAX= less volume, breath OUT
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13
Q

Pleura + 2 TYPES

A
  • 2 layers of membrane ENCASING LUNGS
  • PARIETAL Pleura
  • VISCERAL Pleura
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14
Q

PARIETAL Pleura

A
  • LINES chest WALL in thoracic cavity
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15
Q

VISCERAL Pleura

A
  • INNER layer ADHERING to lung
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16
Q

Pleural Space

A
  • between pleural layers
  • lubrication fluid for EASE of MOVEMENT
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17
Q

NORMAL CXR Evaluation CRITERIA (7)

A
  1. NO Rotation
  2. Scapulae are OUT of lung fields
  3. Full INSPIRATION (about 20 ribs)
  4. SHARP outlines of heart and diaphragm
  5. Adequate DENSITY
  6. Visible lung MARKINGS
  7. APICES to COSTOPHRENIC angles included
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18
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • ” MUCOVISCIDOSIS”
  • HEREDITARY disease (chromo 7)
  • EXCESSIVE secretion of MUCUS from EXOCRINE glands
  • can BLOCK air pathways, traps PATHOGENS, cause lung COLLAPSE
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19
Q

Cystic Fibrosis
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • irregular THICKENING of LINEAR markings in lungs
  • MUCOID IMPACTION (accumulation of mucus)
  • HyperINFLATION
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20
Q

IRDS - Hyaline Membrane Disease

A

Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)
- common in NEWBORNS (premature)
- UNDERaeration, hypoxia
- LACK of surfactant = alveoli do NOT remain open

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21
Q

IRDS - Hyaline Membrane Disease
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • UNDERaeration
  • fine, GRANULAR appearance of pulmonary parenchyma
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22
Q

Croup

A
  • viral INFECTION in young CHILDREN
  • produces obstructive SWELLING of subglottic portion of TRACHEA
    Inspiratory STRIDOR (BARKING sound/cough)
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23
Q

Croup
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • AP S.T neck shows NARROWING of subglottic AIRWAY due to edematous swelling
  • hourglass/steeple shape
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24
Q

Epiglottitis

A
  • infection of epiglottis in CHILDREN
  • causes THICKENING of epiglottis/laryngeal tissue
  • drooling, stridor, dyspnea, tachypnea
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25
Q

Epiglottitis
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • Lateral S.T neck shows rounded THICKENING of epiglottic shadow
  • can cause OBSTRUCTION
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26
Q

Pneumonia

A

infection/inflammation of the lungs
-caused by BACTERIA or VIRUSES from aspiration
- alveolar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia

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27
Q

ALVEOLAR Pneumonia

A

“AIR SPACE” pneumonia
- bacterial (pneumococcus)
- inflammatory EXUDATE (fluid) replaces air in alveoli

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28
Q

ALVEOLAR Pneumonia
Radiographic Appearance

A

-WHITE RADIOPAQUE areas of exudate in lobes
- “Air Bronchogram Sign” = dark lungs with white spots

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29
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A
  • bacterial (staphylococcus)
  • INFLAMMATION starting in BRONCHIS/ bronchial mucosa and spreading to alveoli
  • airway obstruction=atelectasis
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30
Q

Bronchopneumonia
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • MULTIPLE small patches of CONSOLIDATION (disease filled sacs)
  • atelactasis
  • bronchogram ABSENT
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31
Q

Interstitial Pneumonia

A
  • viral or mycoplasmal
  • INFLAMMATION in walls of ALVEOLI/ alveoli septa
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32
Q

Interstitial Pneumonia
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • LINEAR / RETICULAR (netlike) pattern of disease in lungs
  • HONEYCOMB lung (if severe) (cysts)
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33
Q

Aspiration Pneumonia

A
  • caused by ASPIRATION (breathing IN material)
  • ESOPHAGEAL/GASTRIC contents
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34
Q

Aspiration Pneumonia
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • MULTIPLE alveolar DENSITIES widely spread/diffused
  • POST upper/lower lobes
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35
Q

Lung ABSCESS

A

area of PULMONARY PARENCHYMA containing PURULENT (puslike) material
- becomes encapsulated in FIBROUS WALL
- fever, cough, foul smelling sputum

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36
Q

Lung ABSCESS
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • SPHERICAL density with dense CENTER
  • hazy/poor defined periphery
  • AIR FLUID level if communicates with bronhial TREE
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37
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A
  • BACTERIAL infection affecting LUNGS
  • SPREAD by COUGHING
  • may heal and leave SCAR / may become fatal and HUGE
  • treat with ANTIBIOTICS
  • UPPER LOBE of lung
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38
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)
Radiographic Appearance PRIMARY

A
  • well DEFINED, dense LESIONS in UPPER lobe
  • ENLARGED mediastinal LYMPH nodes
  • pleural effusion
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39
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)
Radiographic Appearance SECONDARY

A
  • upper lobes, apical, posterior segments
  • HAZY infiltrate radiating OUT from HILIUM
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40
Q

Miliary TB

A
  • dissemination of disease through BLOODSTREAM
  • many FINE, DISCREET nodules (granulomas)
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41
Q

Tuberculoma

A
  • sharply DEFINED NODULE containing TB bacilli
  • can develop into PRIM/SEC TB
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42
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A
  • affects mostly CHILDREN
  • attacks LOWER resp tract
  • causes bronchiolitis = interstitial pneumonia
  • wear PPE (contact + droplet)
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43
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • hyperINFLATION
  • diffuse markings
    -necrosis of respiratory lining
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44
Q

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

A

VIRAL respiratory infection caused by CORONAVIRUS
- contact + droplet
- fever, head/body aches, dry cough, resp distress

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45
Q

SARS Radiographic Appearance

A
  • infiltrates
    -consolidation (white)
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46
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A
  • many OBSTRUCTIONS of airways
  • caused by SMOKING, POLLUTION, ASBESTOS
  • chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, bronchiectasis
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47
Q

Bronchitis

A

INFLAMMATION of bronchi
- walls THICKEN
- excessive MUCUS
- 1-2 weeks

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48
Q

Bronchitis
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • typically NORMAL images
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49
Q

CHRONIC Bronchitis

A
  • RECURRING/LONGSTANDING bronchitis
  • excessive MUCUS+NARROWING of airways
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50
Q

CHRONIC Bronchitis
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • hyperINFLATION
  • FLATTENED diaphragm
  • “dirty chest”
  • “tram lines”
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51
Q

Emphysema

A
  • shortness of breath
  • air TRAPPED in lungs
  • caused by pollution, smoking, bronchitis…
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52
Q

Emphysema
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • extremely LONG lungs
  • LOW FLATTENED diaphragm
  • VERTICAL heart
  • “dirty chest”
    -SEPTATIONS (CT)
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53
Q

Asthma

A
  • common
  • NARROWING of airways due to ALLERGENS (EXT=dust, pollen, mold) (INT=excersise, heat, cold)
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54
Q

Asthma
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • normal images
  • may show “DIRTY chest”
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55
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

PERMANENT abnormal DILATION of bronchi due to destruction
- hard to clear MUCUS
- CHRONIC cough

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56
Q

Bronchiectasis
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • coarseness
  • blurring of markings
  • oval/circular SPACES (honeycomb)
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57
Q

Primary Lung Carcinoma

A

most COMMON lung cancer
- arises from MUCOSA and the bronchial tree
- mimics pneumonia

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58
Q

Primary Lung Carcinoma
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • small round masses
  • atelectasis (collapsed lung)
  • pneumonia distal to bronchus
  • UNIlateral hilium enlargement
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59
Q

Metastases

A

cancers from other parts in the body that may METASTASIZE into the lungs through the circulatory/lymphatic systems

60
Q

Metastases
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • nodules throughout the lungs
  • LARGE round well defined masses (cannonball)
  • miliary (snowstorm)
61
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

embolus (clot, air bubble, fat…) transported through the bloodstream to the lungs
- LODGES in pulmonary artery circulation
- can cause pulmonary infarct

62
Q

Pulmonary Embolism
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • chest xray appears NORMAL
  • may show lucency
  • enlargement of the ipsilateral main pulmonary artery

Infarcted:
- Hamptons Hump (enlarged wedge shape) at lung base

63
Q

Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula

A

abnormal vascular communication from pulmonary artery to pulmonary vein
- DEC oxygenation
- may develop cyanosis (bluish)

64
Q

Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula
Radiographic Appearance

A

round/ oval lobulated MASS in lower lobe area
- angiography for diagnosis

65
Q

Atelectasis

A

diminished air in lung associated with decreased lung volume
- from bronchial OBSTRUCTION
- air unable to enter parts of lungs= lung collapses

66
Q

Atelectasis
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • localized INC of density streaks/ lobar collapse
  • lobar fissure displacement
  • ELEVATION of ipsilateral hemidiaphragm
  • DISPLACED heart
67
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) - Adult

A
  • severe + unexpected
  • lungs breakdown
  • lungs fill with fluid
  • may be from non-thoracic trauma
    -may be from drug overdose
68
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) - Adult
Radiographic Appearance

A

ill-defined alveolar consolidation scattered throughout lungs
- heart size remains normal

69
Q

Foreign Bodies

A

aspirated/ingested/penetrated
- some radiopaque, some radiolucent
- in LOWER lobes

70
Q

Foreign Bodies
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • obstruction items
  • alveolar collapse if air is trapped
  • heart and mediastinum shift to AFFECTED side
  • ipsilateral hemidiaphragm rises
71
Q

Empysema

A

air is ABNORMALLY present within BODY TISSUES
- air trapped in lungs
- less O2 in bloodstream
- heart ENLARGES to compensate

72
Q

Emphysema
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • extremely LONG lungs
  • flattened diaphragm
  • vertical heart
  • INC retrosternal airspace
73
Q

Mediastinal Emphysema (Pneumomediastinum)

A

air within MEDIASTINUM (between lungs)
- from alveolar rupture, chest trauma, perforation…
-may cause subcutaneus emphysema

74
Q

Mediastinal Emphysema (Pneumomediastinum)
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • air may OUTLINE aorta + pulmonary trunk
  • linear opacity lining the heart
  • collection of air behind the sternum
  • thymus may be ELEVATED in INFANTS
75
Q

Subcutaneous Emphysema

A
  • forced AIR into lung tissues of chest wall
  • hear/feel crepitation (crackling) in chest, arms, neck
  • caused by blunt injuries
76
Q

Subcutaneous Emphysema
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • streaks of LUCENCY (air) outlining muscle bundles of chest wall
77
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  • air in PLEURAL space/cavity
  • compresses/collapses lung
  • heart + mediastinum may shift
  • sudden/severe chest pain
78
Q

Pneumothorax
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • hyperlucent area = pulmonary markings become ABSENT
  • can see VISCERAL (pleural) line around lungs
79
Q

Pleural Effusion

A

accumulation of FLUID in pleural space
- OUTSIDE lungs
- can cause infections, embolisms, heart failure
- INC mAs

80
Q

Pleural Effusion
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • BLUNTING of costophrenic angle
  • white radiopaque area at angles
  • may displace mediastinum
  • elevate hemidiaphragm
81
Q

Emphyema

A
  • presence of INFECTED liquid/pus in pleural space
  • from nearby infection, trauma, or thoracic surgery
82
Q

Emphyema
Radiographic Appearance

A

-loculated fluid lesion
- air fluid level
- discrete mass

83
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A
  • abnormal accumulation of FLUID in lung TISSUE
    -INSIDE lungs
  • caused by CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
  • INC mAs
84
Q

Pulmonary Edema
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • “fuzziness” of pulmonary markings
  • bilateral shape with butterfly/bat-like shape
  • accentuation of vascular markings about the hilia
85
Q

Pulmonary Infarct

A
  • DEATH (necrosis) of a small area of lung caused by ischemia
  • due to PULMONARY EMBOLISM
  • pain in chest, back
86
Q

Pulmonary Infarct
Radiographic Appearance

A

Hamptons Hump (enlarged wedge) in LOWER lobe of lungs

87
Q

Hemothorax

A

presence of BLOOD in the pleural space
- from penetrating trauma, disease, iatrogenic causes

88
Q

Hemothorax
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • appears as pleural effusion
  • blunted costophrenic angle with meniscal fluid shape
89
Q

Sinusitis

A

INFLAMMATION of mucous membrane of the nasal sinuses
- due to BLOCKED sinus drainage
- excess mucus

90
Q

Sinusitis
Radiographic Appearance

A

mucosal THICKENING appearing as S.T density lining the sinus walls
- mucus shows as WHITE area
- horizontal beam to acquire air fluid levels

91
Q

4 Chambers of the Heart

A
  • right atrium
  • left atrium
  • right ventricle
    -left ventricle

Ventricles are THICKER

92
Q

4 Valves of the Heart

A
  • Mitral (bicuspid) = between L atrium/ventricle
  • Tricuspid = between R atrium/ventricle
  • Pulmonary = between R ventricle/ pulmonary artery
  • Aortic = between L ventricle/ aorta
93
Q

RIGHT side of Heart

A

DEoxygenated blood - > Lungs

94
Q

LEFT side of Heart

A

oxygenated blood - > Body

95
Q

Heart CONTRACTS

A

systole

96
Q

Heart RELAXES

A

diastole

97
Q

ORDER of blood through CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (12)

A
  1. RIGHT atrium
  2. Tricuspid valve
  3. RIGHT ventricle
  4. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
  5. Pulmonary Artery
  6. LUNG
  7. Pulmonary Vein
  8. LEFT atrium
  9. Mitral (Bicuspid) valve
  10. LEFT ventricle
  11. Aortic Semilunar Valve
  12. Aorta
98
Q

Congenital Heart Disease

A

“MANY” heart defects
- narrowing of aorta
- shunts

99
Q

Atrial Septal Defect/Patent Foramen Ovale

A

free communication between both ATRIA due to lack of foramen ovale closure after birth
- most COMMON
- shunt OVERLOADS right ventricle

100
Q

Atrial Septal Defect/Patent Foramen Ovale
Radiographic Appearance

A

ENLARGEMENT of RIGHT ventricle, atrium, pulmonary outlflow tract

101
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

A

abnormal OPENING between ventricles
shunt=diastolic overflow of LEFT ventricle+atrium

102
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Radiographic Appearance

A

-LARGE pulmonary trunk
- enlarged LEFT ventricle + atrium

103
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

vessel shunts blood from PULMONARY artery into systemic circulation
- DOES NOT close after birth
= EXCESS blood returned to LEFT atrium+ventricle

104
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Radiographic Appearance

A

-enlarged LEFT atrium + ventricle + pulmonary arteries
-prominent aortic KNOB

105
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
4 Abnormalities causing RIGHT to LEFT shunt

A
  1. Ventricular Septal DEFECT
  2. Pulmonary Stenosis (NARROWING)
  3. MISPLACE aorta
  4. RIGHT ventricular hypertrophy (THICKENED wall)
106
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot SYMPTOMS

A
  • clubbing of fingers/toes
  • cyanosis at birth
  • congestive heart failure
107
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot
Radiographic Appearance

A

heart looks like a BOOT

108
Q

Coarctation of Aorta

A

CONSTRICTION of aorta beyond branching of blood vessels to head + arms
- DEC blood flow to abdomen + legs = LOW BP in legs

109
Q

Coarctation of Aorta
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • rib NOTCHING
  • 2 BULGES in aortic valve = “3 sign”
  • NARROWING of vessel
110
Q

Cardiomegaly

A
  • INC of heart size
  • congenital/ acquired
  • due to HYPERTENSION
111
Q

Cardiomegaly
Radiographic Appearance

A

-ENLARGED cardiac silhouette
-identifies abnormalities + shape of heart

112
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A
  • NARROWING of coronary arteries
  • causes oxygen DEPRIVATION
  • can cause heart attack due to dead heart tissues
113
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • CALCIFICATION of coronary artery
  • constriction of artery (appears THIN)
114
Q

Angina Pectoralis

A
  • recurring severe CHEST PAIN
  • may be in neck, jaw, arm
  • chest tightness/ suffocation
  • may occur after EXCERSISE
115
Q

Myocardial Infarction
(Heart Attack)

A

-from ATHERESCLEROSIS of coronary arteries
- deprives myocardium of blood
- heart CANNOT PUMP

116
Q

Myocardial Infarction
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • calcification of coronary artery
  • soft plaque
    -check heart size/movement
117
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

-heart unable to pump blood at a sufficient RATE/VOLUME to provide body with blood
- due to hypertension

118
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • cardiac ENLARGEMENT
    -WIDENED upper mediastinum
  • pleural effusions
  • DILATED pulmonary veins
119
Q

Hypertension

A

HIGH blood pressure
- leading cause of strokes/kidney damage

120
Q

Aneurysm

A

weakness in vessels = possibly RUPTURE = possible IMMEDIATE DEATH

121
Q

Aneurysm Radiographic Appearance

A

-NOT seen unless CALCIUM is present -CT with CM enhances visibility

122
Q

Berry Aneurysm (Saccular)

A

-sac like aneurysm on artery
- CLIPPING surgery to remove (stops from rupturing/bleeding)

123
Q

Traumatic Rupture of Aorta

A
  • occurs from CHEST TRAUMA
  • near complete TEAR through of aorta
124
Q

Traumatic Rupture of Aorta
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • hemorrhage into mediastinum = WIDEN
  • collection of BLOOD over LEFT lung APEX
  • loss of aortic knob shadow
125
Q

Aortic Dissection

A

tear in INNNER WALL of aorta = blood flows between layers of wall = RUPTURE
- may form aneurysm

126
Q

Aortic Dissection
Radiographic Appearance

A

WIDENING of AORTIC border
- irregular/wavy

127
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A
  • arterial wall THICKENS
  • calcification of small arteries
  • fat, cholesterol, calcium
128
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

further than ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
- moves to obstruction of medium arteries
-plaque formation
- cause stroke

129
Q

Atherosclerosis Radiographic Appearance

A

PLAQUES along vessel track

130
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

A

hardening, narrowing of vessels in legs and arms

131
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

A
  • diffuse vascular narrowing
  • lumen defects
132
Q

Thrombosis

A
  • mass/clot adhering to blood vessel wall
  • can cause BLOCKAGE
  • can become embolus
133
Q

Thrombosis
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • partial/full occlusion of vessel
  • blockage in vessel
134
Q

Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)

A
  • thrombus development in DEEP VEINS
  • lower extremities
  • legs red, swollen, painful
  • clot may dislodge to lungs!!
135
Q

Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)
Radiographic Appearance

A

-partial/full occlusion filling defects

136
Q

Mitral Stenosis

A

NARROWING of MITRAL valve
- result of valve thickening
- affects LEFT ventricle and atrium

137
Q

Mitral Stenosis
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • LEFT atrium ENLARGEMENT
  • double contour
  • widening of CARINA
138
Q

Aortic Stenosis

A
  • obstruction of blood floe EXITING the heart from LEFT VENTRICLE
  • INC workload of LV
139
Q

Aortic Stenosis
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • ENLARGEMENT of LEFT ventricle
  • aortic valve CALCIFICATION
  • ASC aorta bulging
140
Q

Pericardial Effusion

A
  • accumulation of FLUIDS surrounding HEART
  • can cause cardiac tamponade
141
Q

Pericardial Effusion
Radiographic Appearance

A
  • ENLARGEMENT of cardiac silhouette
  • water bottle sign
142
Q
  1. Arteriovenous Fistula
  2. Arteriovenous Malformation
A
  1. abnormal connection between ARTERY and VEIN
  2. blood clots or bleeding in the BRAIN typically
143
Q
  1. Arteriovenous Fistula
  2. Arteriovenous Malformation
    Radiographic Appearance
A
  • filling defect
  • unusual vasculature
144
Q

Arrythmias

A

abnormal IIREGULAR heart BEAT
- tachy = too FAST
- brady = too SLOW
- electrical problem

145
Q

Dextrocardia

A
  • heart on OPPOSITE part of the body
  • other organs may be reversed

MRAD2240 (3 decks)

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