Theory Assessment 1 Weeks 1-4 (SKELETAL) Flashcards
1
Q
March Fracture (Stress/Fatigue)
A
recurrent stress such as standing for long periods of time, walking/running long distances (marching for soldiers)
2
Q
Disease
A
the PATTERN of the bodys RESPONSE to an injury that causes a DEVIATION from normal conditions
3
Q
Signs
A
measurable, objective manifestations of disease process
- fever, fast heart rate
4
Q
Symptoms
A
NOT always measurable/observable, manifestations that patient describes/feels
- pain, dizziness
5
Q
Colles Fracture
A
transverse # of the distal radius with POSTERIOR displacement of distal fragment
most common wrist #
common MOI= FOOSH
6
Q
Bennetts Fracture
A
of the base of the 1st metacarpal (thumb) which extends into CMC joint
7
Q
Asymptomatic
A
patient with NO symptoms of disease
8
Q
Normal Varients
A
normal things for patient, NOT indications of disease
- extra vertebrae
9
Q
Smiths #
A
distal radius with ANTERIOR displacement of distal fragments
fall onto flexed wrist
10
Q
Inflammation
A
LOCALIZED, physical reaction to injury/ infection
-red, hot, swollen, painful
11
Q
Boxers Fracture
A
transverse # of the neck of the 5th metacarpal with volar (palmar) angulation of distal fragment
12
Q
Transitional Vertebra
A
occurs at transition from one part of spine to another (C to T spine) where vertebra contains elements from BOTH types
TREATMENT: none if asymptomatic; surgery to remove cervical ribs if nerve or blood flow impaired.
13
Q
Suppurative Inflammation
A
includes PUS, may cause ABSCESS
14
Q
Bimalleolar Fracture
A
transverse # of the medial malleolus and a low oblique or spiral # of the distal fibula
both malleoli
15
Q
Trimalleolar Fracture
A
a three part # of the ankle involving medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, and the posterior aspect of the tibial plafond (posterior malleolus)
16
Q
Localized Edema
A
inflammatory reaction
- local obstruction of lymphatic drainage
17
Q
Generalized Edema
A
pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout body
- in ankles, legs, lower back, lungs
18
Q
Ischemia
A
interference with BLOOD SUPPLY (depriving cells of O2)
- narrowed arteries (atherosclerosis)
- minimal affect/death
19
Q
Ankylosing Spondylitis
A
chronic inflammation in joints and ligaments, affecting spine. Over time can cause vertebrae to FUSE (becomes stiff). Bones can break easily
- can result in hunched forward posture
- if ribs affected = difficultly breathing
- ossifications limit patient movement
20
Q
Tibial Plafond Fracture
A
of the lower end of tibia at the ankle, often comminuted, often affects both tibia and fibula
Tibial Plafond= weight bearing, articular surface of the distal tibia
21
Q
Infarcation
A
localized area of ischemic necrosis (DEAD tissue) from occlusion of arterial supply/venous drainage
- myocardial
22
Q
Hemorrhage
A
RUPTURE of blood vessel + bleeding from TRAUMA
- internal/external
23
Q
Radiographic Appearance of Ankylosing Spondylitis
A
- may demonstrate fusion due to intra-articular and ligament ossification
- narrowing joint spaces
- blurred articular margins
- begins at SI joints and moves upwards
24
Q
Hematoma
A
INTERNAL pool of clotted blood formed in tissue/organ space
25
Salter-Harris Fracture
involving the epiphyseal plate of a pediatric bone
26
Petechiae
very MINIMAL hemorrhages into skin, membranes, surfaces
27
Intervertebral disk herniation
weakened or torn annulus fibrosus RUPTURES. Nucleus pulposus protrudes and compresses spinal nerve roots
- severe back and leg pain
- result of degenerative disease or trauma
28
Purpura
slightly LARGER hemorrhages
29
Ecchymosis
LARGE (1-2cm) subcutaneous hemorrhage/bruise
30
Intertrochanteric Fracture
a proximal hip # between the greater and lesser trochanters of the femur
- cause= trauma and falls
- treatment= Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF)
31
Atrophy
REDUCTION in size/number of cells = DECREASE in function
32
Radiographic appearance of intervertebral disk herniation
- narrowing between vertebra
- spur formation
- bony sclerosis
33
Hypoplasia
FAILURE of normal cell development = SMALL size
34
Monteggia
isolated # of the ulna shaft associated with anterior dislocation of the radius at the elbow
- common in pediatric patients
- cause= FOOSH
(ulna # with dislocation of the radial head)
* monteggiA, A is at the beginning, fracture is at the start/proximal
35
Scoliosis
SIDEWAYS curvature of spine occurring most often during growth spurt before puberty
- uneven shoulders and waist
36
Aplasia
FAILURE of organ/tissues to develop /function PROPERLY
37
Hypertrophy
INCREASE in organ/tissue SIZE due to INCREASE in cell size
38
Spina Bifida
BIRTH DEFECT occurring when spine and spinal cord don't form properly on posterior side
- portion of neural tube fails to develop in babies causing this
- may have dimples or tuft of hair at site
TREATMENT: surgery or preventative folic acid
39
Galeazzi Fracture
a # of the distal radius with dislocation of the ulna at the wrist
- common in pediatric patients
- cause= FOOSH
(radius fracture with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint)
* galeaZZi, Z is at the end, fracture is at the end/distal
40
Hyperplasia
INCREASE in cell NUMBER of normal cells
41
Dysplasia
LOSS of cell UNIFORMITY (abnormal structure)
- pre cancerous
-mild/moderate/ severe
42
Neoplasia
NEW growth + abnormal proliferation
- cancer, malignancy, neoplasm, tumor,
43
Risk factors of spina bifida
- maternal folate deficiency
- medications
- family history
- diabetes
- obesity
- increased body temperature (being in hot tub)
44
Oncology
study of CANCERS
45
Monoclonal Origin
cancers from 1 mutated cell
46
Benign Neoplasms
differentiated, localized, DO NOT metastisize
-resemble cells of origin
-can cause DEATH
47
Malignant Neoplasms
POORLY differentiated cancer
-invade+destroy nearby structures
- cause DEATH
48
Radiographic appearance of spina bifida
- large bony defects
- lack of laminae
49
Cancer Grading
the AGGRESIVENESS of cancer
50
Supracondylar Fracture
a # of the distal humerus above the epicondyles
- common in pediatric patients
- cause= FOOSH; hyperextension of the elbow
51
Spondylosis
NARROWING of disc spaces causing loss of spinal structure and function
- age related
- causes growth of bone spurs or bony bridges around degenerating intervertebral disc
52
Cancer Staging
the EXTENSIVENESS of cancer
-determines appropriate treatment
53
Morbidity
RATE of illness/condition
54
Fat Pad Sign
displacement seen on a lateral elbow image, the ANTERIOR fat pad appears rounder than normal and further from bone, POSTERIOR fat pad (normally not seen) seen as crescent lucency behind lower end of humerus
55
Mortality
Calculation of DEATH RATE
56
Spondylolysis
defect/# in pars interarticularis WITHOUT displacement
57
Epidemiology
study of the DETERMINANTS of disease in population
58
Jones
transverse # of the base of the 5th metatarsal
- most common foot injury
59
Spondylolisthesis
in pars interarticularis of a vertebra WITH displacement
listhesis = slip forward
60
Primary spinal curvature
develop in utero
- thoracic and sacral
- kyphosis/kyphotic
61
Seeding (Neoplasia Metastatic Spread)
DIFFUSE spread
-cancer INVADES nearby cavity
62
Jefferson Fracture
to C1 (atlas) of neck, occurs to the ring of the atlas
63
Secondary curvatures
develop after birth
- cervical and lumbar
- lordosis/lordotic
64
Burst Fracture
comminuted # of the body of a vertebrae and the body is crushed in all directions
65
kyphosis
kyphotic curvature too EXTREME = round upper back
- common in old women
66
Lymphatic Spread (Neoplasia Metastatic Spread)
cancer enters LYMPH NODES and spreads through LYMPHATIC system
67
Hangman Fracture
result of acute hyperextension of head, # of the arch of C2, anterior to the inferior facet
- injury from hanging, seen in MVCs
68
Clay Shovelers Fracture
avulsion # of the spinous process of lower cervical or upper thoracic vertebrae
69
Lordosis
lordotic curvature too EXTREME, usually lower back
- butt out, spine pushing forward
70
Odontoid Fracture
a # to the odontoid (dens/peg) of C2 vertebrae
- why we do the open mouth C-spine image
71
Osteochondroma
BENIGN projection of bone with cartilaginous cap that arises in childhood/teen yrs
- start as cartilage, turn to bone
APPEARANCE: long axis of tumor runs parallel to parent bone and points away from nearest point
72
Linear Fracture
a fracture that extends parallel to the long axis of a bone but does NOT displace the bone tissue
73
Basilar Skull Fracture
of the base of the skull, trauma
74
Contrecoup Fracture
injury or # on the opposite side from where the injury occured
75
Hematogenous Spread (Neoplasia Metastatic Spread)
cancer enters the BLOOD VESSEL through bloodstream
76
Additive Conditions
INC attenuation
INC tissue thickness/density
INC technique
LIGHTER appearance (bone)
77
Unicameral Cyst
fluid filled cyst with a wall of fibrous tissue
- most common in proximal humerus and femur
- can cause #
78
Destructive Conditions
DEC attenuation
DEC tissue thickness/density
DEC technique
DARKER appearance (air)
79
Appearance of unicameral cyst
- lucent lesion with thin rim of sclerosis
- oval configuration
- may cause cortical bone thinning
80
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
numerous blood-filled cyst
- can expand beyond bone
- common in peds
- pain swelling, #, destruction
81
Functions of bone
- Support framework
- Protect vital organs
- Productions of RBCs
- Storehouse of calcium and minerals
82
Carcinoma
cancer that begins in skin/tissue that line or cover internal organs
83
Sarcoma
cancer that begins in bone or cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, other connective tissue
84
myeloma
bone marrow cancer
85
Lymphoma
begins in the cells of immune system system
86
Leukemia
cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue
87
Central Nervous System Cancers
cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord
88
Fracture
break/disruption of the bones
89
Osteogenic Carcinoma
MALIGNANT bone tumor occurring at end of long bone
- usually above knee
90
Blow Out Fracture
the floor of the orbit caused by an increase in intraorbital pressure due to traumatic blow
91
Tripod Fracture
a # of the zygomatic arch and the orbital floor combined with separation of the zygomatic-frontal suture
92
Le Fort Fracture
bilateral and horizantal # of the maxilla, pterygoid plates must be #
- separates the midface from the skull
93
Incomplete Fracture
bone CRACKS + BENDS
- does NOT break ALL way through
94
Ewing Sarcoma
MALIGNANT tumor arising in bone marrow of long bone
- second most common primary tumor in children
95
Appearance of Ewing Sarcoma
- moth eaten appearance
- destructive permeative lucent lesion in the shaft of long bones
- ONION SKIN APPEARANCE
96
Closed/Simple Fracture
bone does NOT PENETRATE through skin
- skin is still INTACT
97
Multiple Myeloma
systemic MALIGNANCY of plasma cells (attacks intramedullary canal of diaphysis)
- results in bone destruction, bone marrow failure
98
Bone Age
-To evaluate physiologic age/growth potential by looking at ossification centers and fission of epiphyses of hand and wrist
-Based on the radiograph atlas by Greulich and Pyle
-Image taken of a PA left hand
99
Open/Compound Fracture
bone PENETRATES through skin
- skin is DISRUPTED
100
Appearance of multiple myeloma
- multiple punched out osteolytic lesions SCATTERED
- tend to be uniform in size
- round
101
Osteosarcoma
MALIGNANT bone tumor
- generally occurs yrs 10-25
- most common primary bone tumor in kids
- generally occurs in end of long bone
102
Joint effusion
- Accumulation of fluid in the joint associated with an underlying condition
- typically visualized in the ankle, knee, elbow, and hip
103
Appearance of Osteosarcoma
-mixed destructive and sclerotic lesion associated with a soft tissue mass
- SUNBURST appearance
104
Sail Sign (elbow)
- Anterior fat pad elevated making it look like a sail
-sign of joint effusion and potential fracture
105
Metastatic bone lesion
MALIGNANT secondary bone tumor spread via bloodstream or lymphatic vessels from primary tumors
- typically spreads to bones containing red bone marrow
- more common than primary bone cancer
106
Transverse Fracture
COMPLETE fracture PERP to long axis of bone
- direct BLOW within bone
107
Oblique Fracture
COMPLETE fracture running 45 degrees to long axis of bone
108
Osgood Schlatter's
- Incomplete separation or
avulsion of the tibial tuberosity (affects boys aged 10-15 usually)
109
Osteopetrosis
- Rare and hereditary bone dysplasia
-lack of normal resorptive calcium mechanism preventing bone marrow from forming making bones brittle
110
Osteopetrosis apperance
- technical factors must be increased
- slightly blurry
- "marble bones"
111
Osteogenesis imperfecta
-brittle bone disease: an inherited generalized disorder of connective tissue
- fragile bones, bowed legs, whites of eyes are blue-ish
-fractures heal odd because of odd callus formation
112
Achondroplasia
- hereditary, most common form of dwarfism
- Growth plates of the long bones don’t proliferate new growth properly
- normal trunk length, abnormally short limbs, and large head
113
Achondroplasia appearance
- Femoral head malformation
-posterior scalloping of vertebral columns
-narrowed spinal canal (axial image)
-ring and middle finger separate ("trident hand")
114
Acromegaly
- excessive growth hormone AFTER bone growth has ended
- often caused by a pituitary tumor
- sometimes follows gigantism
115
Congenital (Developmental) Hip Dysplasia
- Results from incomplete acetabulum formation caused by physiologic & mechanical factor
-femoral head pops out of joint during flexion/abduction
116
Rheumatoid Arthritis
- affects joints symmetrically (both sides)
- erosion of articular cartilage
- Disfiguration of joints due to subluxation and bone bridge development across joints
- unknown cause, 3x more likely on women than men
117
Rheumatoid Arthritis appearance
- ball catcher appearance of both hands
- absent joint cartilage/joint space narrowing
118
Osteoarthritis
- degenerative, loss of cartilage and reactive new bone formation
- affects weight bearing joints and IP joints of hands
- patient usually bearing weight for image
119
Osteoarthritis appearance
- narrowing of joint spaces (thinning of articular cartilage)
-may develop cyst-like lesions with sclerotic margins
-medial side worse in knees
120
Bursitis
- inflammation of the bursae
-causes pain and frozen/immobility of joint
-needs US for diagnosis
121
Rotator Cuff Tear location
- shoulder
122
Meniscal Tear location
- knee
123
Osteomyelitis
- inflammation of the bone and bone marrow caused by infectious organism
- may be a soft tissue infection that spreads into bone eventually
124
Osteopenia
- decreased mineral bone density
-can be from disease
-can be a risk factor for osteoporosis
125
Osteoporosis
- generalized/localized deficiency of bone density
- lack of calcium and vitamin D
- compression fractures in spine and fractured hip/wrists are common in the elderly
- BMD to diagnose
126
Osteomalacia
- loss in bone density due to nonmineralized osteoid
-makes bones soft
- caused by vitamin D deficiency
127
Osteomalacia appearance
- cortical borders indistinct
- increased trabeculation
- causes bowing and bending
128
Rickets
pediatric disease of osteomalacia
129
Gout
-A disorder in the metabolism of purine which an increase in the blood level of uric acid leads to the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints, cartilage, and kidney.
-Urate crystals can be present in the joint spaces.
- Common in the first MTP but can be any joining (very painful)
130
Paget’s Disease (osteitis deformans)
- chronic metabolic bone disease
- deconstruction of bone which is weakened and deformed when it repairs
-skull, long bones, pelvis, and vertebra
131
Ischemic Bone Necrosis
- a condition where there is loss of blood to the bone, causing the bone to die eventually
- AKA: avascular necrosis, osteonecrosis, and aseptic necrosis
- most common in femoral head
132
Osteochondritis Dissecans
- end result of an aseptic separation of bony or cartilaginous fragment
- repetitive stress in young athletes, often in knees condyles
- piece of bone can become a "loose body" within the joint itself
132
battered child syndrome (non- accidental trauma)
- full body skeletal surveys are required when suspected
- AP of all extremities and pelvis
- AP and lateral for chest and skull
133
battered child findings
- multiple heald/ healing fractures
- widening of cranial sutures and skull fractures
- unusual fracture sites
-must be reported
134
Spinal Fracture
fracture that ENCIRCLES the bone shaft
- from TORSIONAL forces
- longer than an oblique fracture
135
Avulsion Fracture
-SMALL bone FRAGMENTS torn OFF bony prominences at sites of MUSCLE.
-from INDIRECT TENSION forces on ligaments and tendons
136
Comminuted Fracture
fracture composed of MORE than 2 fragments
-a "COMMUNITY" of bone pieces broken off
137
Segmental Fracture
segment of shaft SEPERATED from from rest of bone
-proximal and distal ends broken off
138
Butterfly Fracture
elongated TRIANGULAR bone fragment
139
Compression Fracture
caused from COMPRESSION forces that result in COMPACTION of bony trabeculae
- from trauma, osteoporosis, pathological fractures
140
Depressed Fractures
a DEPRESSION of bone toward the brain
- typically in CRANIAL bone
-STAR shaped
-TANGENTIAL views see depression
141
Stress/Fatique Fractures
from REPEATED small stresses/pressures on bone
-LOWER limbs (often feet)
142
Pathological Fracture
fracture that occurs in an area of WEAKNESS due to a pre-existing condition/PATHOLOGY
-bone destruction, thinning/expansion
143
Greenstick Fracture
INCOMPLETE fracture with OPP cortex intact
-common in children (soft bones)
-bone bends
144
Buckle/Torus Fracture
1 side intact, compaction of other side
145
Bowing Fracture
stress BENDS/DEFORMS bone shape
-not actually a fracture
- commonly long bones
146
Fissure
break, but DOES NOT PASS through
147
Undisplaced Fracture
fracture broken into 2/MORE pieces, but fragments REMAIN in NORMAL alignment
148
Displaced Fracture
break in which 2 ENDS of fracture are SEPARATED
149
Longitudinal Fracture
fracture that is PARA to long axis of bone
150
Impacted Fracture
fracture in which FRAGMENTS from SAME bone are pushed TOGETHER
151
Dislocation
bone OUT of JOINT
-commonly shoulder
- needs 2 projections (90 degrees apart)
152
Subluxation
bone PARTIALLY out of JOINT
- spine, kneecap, elbow
153
Delayed Union
abnormally LONG repair time
-due to infection, poor immobilization, loss of bones, limited blood
154
Malunion
bone fragments NOT aligned after repair
-may need surgery/may be okay
155
Nonunion
fracture healing COMPLETE, but bone ends NOT united
-may need surgery
156
External Fracture Fixation
device placed EXTERNALLY to hold fragments together
-splint, cast, reduction device (cage)
157
Internal Fracture Fixation
device placed INTERNALLY to hold fragments together
- screws, nails, rods, plates
158
Plaster Cast
gauze + wet plaster strips
159
Fiberglass Cast
gauze/padding + fiberglass
160
Plastic (Brace)
soft pads + hard plastic
161
Splint (half cast)
fiberglass/plaster half cast + bandage
162
Spica Cast
has ABDUCTION bar SEPERATING lags/arms
163
Cortex Cast
new, 3D printed
164
Fracture Signs + Symptoms
-bruising/pain
-blood
-reduced range of motion
-crackling sound
- odd appearance
165
Fracture patient care
- check LOC frequently
- assess 5Ps (pain, pallor, pulse, paresthesia, paralysis)
- adaptive imaging
- hand on each side of site
166
Fracture Healing
1. Blood CLOT forms at site
2. CALLUS (Ca deposition) forms at clot
3. Callus OSSIFIES into BONE
4. bone REMODELLED into normal bone shape
