Theory Flashcards
1
Q
Cardiopulmonary arrest - reversible causes
A
H’s and T’s:
- Hypoxia
- Hypovolemia
- Hypothermia
- Acidosis
- Hypo-/hyperglycemia
- Hypo-/hyperkalemia
- Tension pneumothorax
- Cardiac tamponade
- Trauma
- Toxins or drug OD
- Myocardial infarct
- Pulmonary embolus
2
Q
Oxygen Administration Devices
A
- Nasal cannula - 4% for every 1L/min
- Venturi mask - 35-50% at 5-15L/min
- Partial rebreather - 40-70% at 6-15L/min
- Non-rebreather - >60-80% at 10-15L/min
3
Q
Difficult BVM (differential)
A
- Mask seal (beards, piercings)
- Obese, pregnant
- Old age (>65)
- Trauma
- No teeth
- Snores, stridor
- Poor neck extension
4
Q
Difficult BVM (management)
A
- Reposition patient
- Naso-/ oropharyngeal airway
- Two-hand method
- Alternate mask size
- Laryngoscopy and removal of obstruction
- LMA
- Endotracheal intubation
- Surgical airway
5
Q
Difficult Intubation
A
- Space (3:3:1)
- Poor head extension
- Obstructed airway
- External facial features
- Scars
6
Q
Bradycardia
A
- Hypoxia
- Hypovolemia
- Head injury
- Heart block
- Heart transplant
- Athlete
- Hyperkalemia
- B-blocker/ CCB overdose
7
Q
Defibrillation (Energy)
A
- 1-2J/kg (children)
- 150J (monophasic, defibrillation)
- 360J (biphasic, defibrillation)
- 100J (cardioversion)
8
Q
Management of hyperkalemia
A
- Insulin & glucose
- Salbutamol nebuliser
- HCO3 if acidotic
- Calcium chloride
- Furosemide
- Kayexelate binding
9
Q
SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock
A
SIRS
- WCC < 4 or >12 or >10%
- HR > 90
- Temp <36 or >38
- RR >30
Sepsis: SIRS + evidence of infection
Severe sepsis: sepsis + lactate > 4
Septic shock: sepsis + shock despite one fluid challenge
10
Q
Early, goal-directed therapy for sepsis
A
Within 6 hours:
- Central venous SATS > 70%
- MAP > 65
- CVP 8-10cmH2O
Antibiotics within 2 hours
Source control
11
Q
Pneumonia Admission Score
A
CURB-65
- Confusion
- Urea > 7
- RR > 30
- BP < 90/60
- Age > 65
1-2 - outpatient
2-3 - inpatient
4 - high care
5 - ICU
