Theory Flashcards
Irving Yalom’s curative factors to encapsulate group member experiences leading to growth are.
- Altruism
- Cohesion
- Universality
- Interpersonal learning input and output
- Guidance
- Catharsis
- Identification
- Family reenactment
- Self understanding
- Instillation of hope
- Existential factors.
What is Linking?
A process used to promote and encourage member-to-member interactions, which help members recognize their similarities and common themes. (Irving Yalom)
Universality occurs when?
When group members recognize that they have shared experiences, thoughts, and feelings and that they are not alone. (Irving Yalom)
Boundary Disturbances describe various forms of resistance, what are they?
Projection
Introjection
Retroflection
Confluence
Deflection
(Gestalt)
Projection
Blaming the environment (or other people) for one’s personality traits, thoughts, feelings and behaviors. (Gestalt)
Introjection
Assimilating information from the environment without critical discernment. (Gestalt)
“I will act like _______ “
Deflection
Occurs when a distraction is created to avoid aspects of the environment that may be threatening. (Gestalt)
Confluence
Occurs when aspects of one’s internal and external environments are blurred or diffuse, which prevents one from differentiating the two. (Gestalt)
When individuals avoid conflict and possess an increased need to be accepted.
Core beliefs are
Schemas rooted in childhood.
Five Stages of Group Therapy
Stage 1: Forming - (Preaffiliation) Dependency and Inclusion
Stage 2: Storming - Power and Control
Stage 3: Norming - Structure and Trust
Stage 4: Performing
Stage 5: Adjourning
(Tuckman)
Constructive Confrontation
A technique used to help clients achieve congruence by pointing out discrepancies among the client’s actions, thoughts, behaviors, perception or nonverbal communication. (Humanism)
In a study, which variable does the experimenter manipulate?
Independent Variable
What occurs during the Forming Stage
Process of putting the structure of the group together. Group members feel ambiguous and conflict is avoided at all costs due to the need to be accepted into the group. Group members look to a group leader for direction and guidance. (Tuckman)
During the Storming Stage of group therapy, what occurs?
Organizing tasks and processes surface interpersonal conflicts. Leadership, power, and structural issues dominate this stage. (Tuckman)
What occurs during the Norming Stage?
Group members are creating new ways of doing and being together. As the group develops cohesion, leadership changes from ‘one’ teammate in charge to shared leadership. Group members learn they have to trust one another for shared leadership to be effective. (Tuckman)
What is the purpose of the Performing Stage of group therapy?
True interdependence is the norm of this stage of group development. The group is flexible as individuals adapt to meet the needs of other group members. This is a highly productive stage. (Tuckman)
Adjourning Stage of group therapy involves?
Group members are ready to leave (course termination) causing significant change to the group structure, membership, or purpose and the group during the last week of class. They experience change and transition. While the group continues to perform productively they also need time to manage their feelings of termination and transition. (Tuckman)
What are Irving Yalom’s Therapeutic Forces in groups?
- Instillation of Hope
- Universality
- Imparting of Information
- Altruism
- Simulation of the primary family.
- Development of social skills.
- Imitative Behavior
- Interpersonal Learning
- Group Cohesiveness (Belonging)
- Catharsis
- Existential Factors
What is altruism?
Acting to promote someone else’s welfare, even at a risk or cost to ourselves.
These therapists emphasize the importance of social connection, asserting that all individuals strive for superiority, which is achieved through a purposeful, goal-oriented lifestyle.
Adlerian
Adler felt that each client’s social and cultural factors, initially shaped by family constellation, including birth order. He focused on each individual’s lifestyle as it is influenced by multiple factors, including systemic racism, gender, religion, and sexual orientation.
Is psychoanalytic, like Freud, but did not believe in the unconscious.
These therapists are categorized as experiential or relational.
Gestalt
Stress the integration of mind and body through increased awareness of the present moment. Wholeness involves the integration of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral factors.
These therapists allow the client to become fully functioning in the context of the therapeutic experience. The goal of therapy is to facilitate congruence between the client’s self-image and idealized self.
Rogerian
This therapist will focus on a therapeutic alliance as being vital and addressing cognitive distortions.
Cognitive Therapy (Beck)
This treatment assumes that distortions result from irrational thinking and posits that depression stems from the clients negative view of themselves, others and the future.
________ therapists are more directive and rely on challenging and disputing the client’s irrational thoughts. They view the importance of unconditional acceptance but believe that emphasizing the therapeutic relationship can impede progress and create dependency.
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) (Albert Ellis)
What is the main focuses of a Person-Centered therapist?
Nondirective and Collaborative
Help clients achieve congruence between values and behavior.
Do not explore irrational thinking.
Counterconditioning
Changing the response to a stimuli.
What is the best way to identify factors affecting the client’s clinical presentation and treatment plan goals?
Construct a Case Conceptualization
The 8 P’s
1. Presentation
2. Predisposition
3. Precipitants
4. Protective factors and strengths
5. Pattern
6. Perpetuates
7. Plan
8. Prognosis
(Sperry & Sperry)
Overgeneralization
Cognitive distortion that involves making broad negative conclusions that are far beyond what the situation indicates. (Beck & Burns)
Ex. Student receives a C on a test and concludes that she is stupid and a failure.
All-or-Nothing Thinking/Polarized Thinking
a.k.a. Black & White Thinking - Seeing things in terms of extremes, something is either fantastic or awful. (Beck & Burns)
Also known as splitting.
Mental Filter
Similar to overgeneralization, but a mental filter distortion focuses on a single negative piece of info and excludes all the positive ones. (Beck & Burns)
Ex. One partner in a relationship dwelling on a single negative comment made by the other partner and viewing the relationship as lost despite years of positive comments and experiences.
Disqualifying the Positive
One acknowledges positive experiences but rejects them instead of embracing them. (Beck & Burns)
Ex. Rejecting the idea that one is a competent employee despite a glowing review; makes it about political correctness or some other reason.
Jumping to Conclusions - Mind Reading
A cognitive distortion suggesting that we know what another person is thinking; specifically the negative interpretations that we jump to. (Beck & Burns)
Jumping to Conclusions - Fortune Telling
The tendency to make conclusions and predictions based on little to no evidence and holding them as gospel truth. (Beck & Burns)
Magnification (Catastrophizing) or Minimizing
A cognitive distortion that is exaggerating or minimizing the meaning, importance, or likelihood of things. (Beck & Burns)
Emotional Reasoning
A cognitive distortion that refers to the acceptance of one’s emotions as fact. “I feel it, therefore it must be true.” (Beck & Burns)
“Should” Statements
Cognitive distortions that suggest what you “should” do, what you “ought” to do, or what you “must” do. (Beck & Burns)
Labeling and Mislabeling
Cognitive distortion in which we assign judgments of value to ourselves or to others based on one instance or experience. (Beck & Burns)
Ex. A waiter labels a customer “a grumpy old miser” if he fails to thank the waiter for bringing his food.
Personalization
Cognitive distortion that takes everything personally or assigns blame to oneself without any logical reason to believe they are to blame. (Beck & Burns)
Downward Arrow Technique
A cognitive therapy skill that is used to access core beliefs.
Role Reversion
A cognitive therapy skill used to challenge negative cognitions, therefore reducing psychological distress. Client takes on role of therapist and argues against the client’s hypothesis associated with distorted thinking.
Shame Attacking
An REBT technique used for reducing the need for approval and a reduction in catastrophic thinking that fosters feelings of inadequacy.
The Three Basic Musts
- Believing one must perform in a manner that others affirm.
- Believing one must be treated in a manner that the client finds affirming.
- Believing that one must get what they think they are entitled to.
Gender dysphoria is caused not only by external (distal) stressors (e.g. prejudice, discrimination) but also by negatively internalized (proximal) stressors, including internalized transphobia and stigma.
Minority Stress Theory
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Individuals experience distress when faced with two or more incompatible cognitive elements (i.e. choices).
Individuals are influenced by fitting in and belonging to social groups.
Social Identity Theory - Alignment with one’s identified social group is likely to affect self-esteem, especially if the i.d. is strong.
Escape Theory
Individuals tend to avoid activities that are psychologically unpleasant.
One’s inner sense of being male, female, a combination of both or neither.
Gender Identity
The primary purpose of this therapy is to strengthen the boundaries within family systems by deliberately disrupting the family’s homeostasis through techniques that include unbalancing, blocking transactional patterns, and shifting boundaries.
Structural Family Therapy
Other Structural Family Techniques:
- Assigning tasks
- Reframing
- Escalating stress
- Psychoeducation
- Developing implicit conflict
Contextual Family Therapy
Emphasizes the ethical elements of each family , including loyalty, trust and relational principles.
This therapy focuses on families with high levels of emotional fusion and low levels of differentiation.
Dysfunction can be handed down from one generation to another.
Multigenerational Family Systems Theory
Murray Bowen
Joining
Family Systems Technique
Counselor takes a leadership position within the family system.
Psychological Vulnerabilities for GAD
Cognitive Biases
Inseccure Attachement
Unstable Affect Mgmt.
Unconscious Conflicts
Biological Vulnerabilities of GAD
Sleep Irregularities
Autonomic Hyperactivity (dry mouth, heart palpitations, sweating)
Autonomic Hyperactivity is a physiological component of GAD
Negative Valence
Affective states such as anxiety or depression.
Postive Valence - Happiness and Joy
Social Vulnerabilities of GAD
Trauma
Parenting Styles
Peer Rejection
Postive Valence
Joy & Happiness
Negative Valence - Depression and Anxiety
Mind Reading
Cognitive Distortion
When one claims, without evidence, that other people’s reactions to them are negative.
Emotional Reasoning
Cognitive Distortion
When one engages in self-judgement based on emotional reactions.
The belief that negative emotions define an indifidual as a person.
“I’m experiencing anxiety, so I must be in danger.”
Disqualifying or Disounting the Positive
Cognitive Distortion
A belief that one’s accomplishments don’t count.
Number one player, but disatisfied wtih performance.
Executive Functioning
Caring
Emotional Stimulation
Meaning Attribution
Lieberman (1973) identified these as what when leading a group?
Core Group Leadership Functions
Confirmation Bias
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior beliefs or values.
- *Not seeking out objective facts.
- Interpret information to support your existing belief.
- Only remembering details that support your belief.
- Ignoring info that challenges your belief.*
Overconfidence Bias
The tendency for a person to overestimate their abilities.
Affect Heuristic
Basing clinical decisions on the feelings experienced when interacting with a client.
Cl. is angry or irrational during a DA, which produces countertransference, and you dx. with BPD as a result.
The Hawthorne Effect
Tendency for individuals to change their behavior in response to being observed.
What is the difference between Suicidality and Non-suicidal Self-Injury.
Suicidal behavior involves a desire to end feelings permanently.
NSSI is a chronic or persistent urge to cause harm to oneself to regulate or detach from distressing emotions.
Persona
Carl Jung
“The social face the individual presents to the world” - A kind of mask, designed on the one hand to make a definite impression upon others, and on the other to conceal the true nature of the individual.
Electra Complex
Carl Jung
A female’s unconscious desire for her father’s love and attention.
Female equivalent to the Oedipus Complex
Anime
Carl Jung
The unconscious feminine side of a man.
Parapraxis
Sigmund Freud
Unconscious slip of the tongue.
“Freudian slip”
What is the goal of Schema-focused Therapy?
Help the client replace maladaptive schemas or negative patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling with healthier experiences and interactions.
Validation
DBT
A counselor’s ability to provide acceptance while simultaneously facilitating change.
Paradox exemplifies a dialectical stance; two seemingly opposed truths.
Affect Regulation
DBT
Helps clients experience gradations of feeling by identifying and differentiating overwhelming emotions.
affect labeling, recognition of escalation points, mood monitoring, and cue identification.
Types of Boundaries in Structural Family Therapy
Minuchin
Rigid (Disengaged): The family members are isolated from each other.
Diffuse (Enmeshed): The family is too dependent on each other.
Flexible (Clear): The family’s boundaries are neither too closed nor too open.
What is a key factor in the success of exposure therapy?
The client must exerience increased levels of anxiety. New neuropathways are developed as a result of prolonged exposure and the downregulation of the amygdala occurs.
Interoceptive Exposure is
An exercise which helps recreate internal sensations associated with panic attacks.
In Vivo Exposure is
Directly facing a feared object, situation or activity in real life.
Imaginal Exposure is
Vividly imagining the feared object, situation.
What classification is ADHD in the DSM-V?
Neurodevelopmental Disorder
What is planned ignoring?
Deliberately ignoring a predetermined target behavior.
What is an extinction burst?
It occurs when the client increases his maladaptive behavior.
A CBT technique used to help clients initiate values-based activities to improve depressive symptoms is known as what?
Behavioral Activiation
This occurs when there is behavioral change that happens with the removal of unpleasant stimuli.
Ex. A parent yells at their child to clean up, the child cleans up.
As a result, the negative stimulus (i.e. yelling) stops.
Negative Reinforcement
What type of behavioral technique is this?
Subject learns behavior by associating it with consequences.
Operant Conditioning
Extinction - Punishment - Reinforcement - Stimulus Control
Extinction
Behaviorism
Happens when the reinforcer for that response is stopped, which lessens the possibility of the behavior’s recurrence.
Time-out = time-out from reinforcement
What type of behavioral technique is this?
Subject learns to associate two unrelated stimuli with each other.
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Dog
Punishment
Can be positive or negative
Negative - Taking away priveleges.
Positive - Dispensing a noxious stimulus (a shock maybe???)
What are the compenents of Social Learning Theory?
Albert Bandura
Observation
Modeling
Imitation
What does Contingency Theory propose?
For learning to take place, a stimulus must provide the subject information about the likelihood that certain events will occur.
Donald Super’s life-span, life-space theory is based on the assumption that career development is a/an ____________.
ongoing process.
He integrated the constructs of life roles (wife, tennis player, volunteer), self-concept (self-understanding) and career maturity.
Sunny Hansen is known for her theory of _________
Integrative Life Planning
Focus on integrating values and cultural influences
i.e. socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, spirituality
Which theorist proposed the importance of early childhood experiences on career development.
Anne Rowe
The Vocational Interest Inventory is based on this theory.
Who is credited with the development of Transactional Analysis?
Eric Berne
A psychoanalytic theory and method of therapy wherein social interactions (or “transactions”) are analyzed to determine the ego state of the communicator (whether parent-like, child-like, or adult-like) as a basis for understanding behavior.
Gestalt therapists emphasize the integration of _____
mind and body through an awareness of the present moment.
John Holland conceptualized six occupational and personality categories:
RIASEC
Realistic
Investigative
Artistic
Social
Enterprising
Conventional
Schlossberg’s categories of Adult Transition
Career Development Transitions Model
Unexpected Transition - a change in one’s relationships, roles expectations or responsibilities.
Expected Transition - a predictable or scheduled transition (i.e. marriage, college, retirement)
Chronic Transition - Chronic “hassles” (Frequent job loss, illness/health)
Nonoccuring Transition - an expected/scheduled transition that never happens (acceptance to grad school, pregnancy).
Trait and Factor Theory
Frank Parsons
Trait and Factor Theory entails three actions.
1. Examine the personality traits of the person whose career is being planned.
2. Inventory the character traits of the job.
3. Measure the personality traits of the individual against the traits of the job.
AKA - Three-Factor Model
CASVE Decision-Making Model
communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, execution
Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) approach
Communication: Career concern is identified.
Analysis: How the problem can be resolved.
Synthesis: Considering solutions and ID areas consistent with values, abilities and interests.
Valuing: Prioritize career options and construct CBA of how a new career path fits into their plans.
Execution: One determines an action plan.
Culturally Bound Condition
Susto
An illness attributed to a frightening event that causes the soul to leave the body.
Sx. Feeling of abandonment, loss, sadness, SI, poor self worth
Culturally Bound Condition
Ataque de nervios
“Attack of Nerves”
An idiomatic expression used by Latinos to describe symptoms of intense anger, grief, worry, dissociation, or emotional distress.
Culturally Bound Condition
Confianza
A Hispanic value
Sense of comfort and ease when revealing oneself to another.
Culturally Bound Condition
Mal de ojo
Spanish Term
Evil Eye - associated with social conflict or jealousy and believed to cause illness, misfortune and death.
What cultural group places more importance on supernatural forces than on nonspiritual forces, a high inportance on extended family, are more likely to use indirect communication, and emphasize collective harmony over personal fulfillment?
Latinos
Congruence
When a counselor accurately attend to the interpersonal and intrapersonal aspects of the therapeutic relationship.
Genuineness
Differentiation
Bowenian Family Therapy
The process of freeing yourself from your family’s processes to define yourself. This means being able to have different opinions and values than your family members, but being able to stay emotionally connected to them.
Positive Reinforcement
The introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior. The desirable stimulus reinforces the behavior, making it more likely that the behavior will reoccur
Beck believed that a client’s distorted thinking was a result of:
Aaron Beck
The Cognitive Triad
View of themselves
View of the world
View of their future
Adlerian therapists view maladjustment as the development of a
Alfred Adler
mistaken style of life leading to feelings of inferiority.
Ellis suggests that irrational thinking can be deconstructed by recognizing what three things?
Albert Ellis (REBT Therapy)
Activating Event
Beliefs
Consequences
Interpersonal Therapy
A form of cognitive therapy that assumes that depression is an illness rather than a moral failing. What are the four categories of interpersonal problems?
Gerald Klerman
Grief and Loss
Major Life Change
Conflict in Valued Relationship
Social Isolation
According to Psychoanalytic Therapy, what drives behavior?
Unconscious Forces
What is a prodrome?
An early symptom indicating the onset of an illness.
Assessing for prodromal syndrome includes?
1. Postive symptoms
2. Negative symptoms
3. Disorganization symptoms
4. General symptoms such as sleep issues, dysphoric mood, motor disturbances and impaired tolerance to normal stress.
Negative and repetetive pattern of responding to distress by focusing on meanings, causes and consequences.
“Over-thinking”
Rumination
The difference between rumination and worry is what?
Rumination is about the past, worry is about the future.
Determining and identifying strengths will ___.
determine a balance between resilience and vulnerability.
Assessing strengths is to assess one’s strengths that contributes to solving immediate problems but also to augment the client’s ability to deal with future problems.
Most treatments effectively promote these three strategies.
Education
Modeling
Problem-Solving Skills
Spitting in the Soup
Adlerian Therapy
I might say, “Write in capital letters over your bed: ‘Every morning I must torment my family as much as possible.’ Thus in future you have to do consciously, and with a bad conscience, what you formerly did unaware but with a clean conscience.”
Empty Chair
Gestalt
The empty chair technique can be especially useful whenever a client is struggling to see the side of the person they are having a conflict with
Two types of biological causes for Borderline Personality Disorder?
Emotional Vulnerability
Distracting oneself from strong emotions.
Dispositional Factors
Ignite a response to a challenge or threat in which there is a rapid onset with little or no prodromal period. i.e. individual characteristics
situational factors refer to the external factors that impact our behaviour.
Situational Factors
refer to the external factors that impact our behavior.
*Dispositional factors ignite a response to a challenge or threat in which there is a rapid onset with little or no prodromal period. i.e. individual characteristics.
Predominant difference between Grief and a Depressive Episode?
Grief’s predominant affect is feelings of emptiness and loss.
Depression’s predominant affect is the inability to anticipate happiness or pleasure.
What type of symptoms are rumination and excessive worry?
Preoccupation
Failure to Adapt = concentration, sleep, loss of interest.
What type of symptoms are poor concentration, loss of sleep and interest?
Failure to Adapt
Preoccupation = Rumination and Excessive Worry
Attribution Training
Cognitive Behavior
Improving a person’s beliefs in the causes of his own failures and successes to promote future motivation for achievement.
Used for discouraged indiv. who are unmotivated to achieve.
The Dark Triad of Personality
Three personality traits for Antisocial Personality Disorder
1. Narcissism (entitlement, dominance)
2. Machiavellianism (self-service, amorality, deceit)
3. Psychopathy (Impulsive, low empathy and anxiety)
Insecure attachement leads to poor treatment outcome and leads to conflict with ____ and ____.
Autonomy and Dependence
Cogntive Distortion
Flight into Health
A client seems to make a spontaneous recovery when faced with the prospect of therapy, or of addressing particular issues at strategic points in the work.
*
Ex. Someone complaining of depression may suddenly pronounce themselves well at the point when their feeling of sexual inadequacy in their marriage is about to be raised.*
Defense Mechanisms
Displacement
Psychoanalytical Theory
Taking feelings out on others.
Being angry at your boss but taking it out on your spouse
Defense Mechanisms
Repression
Psychoanalytical Theory
Unconsciously keeping unpleasant information from your conscious mind.
Being abused as a child but not remembering the abuse.
Defense Mechanisms
Suppression
Psychoanalytical Theory
Consciously keeping unpleasant information from your conscious mind.
Being abused but choosing to push it out of your mind.
Defense Mechanisms
Sublimation
Psychoanalytical Theory
Converting unacceptable impulses into more acceptable outlets.
Beign upset with your spouse but going for a walk instead of fighting.
Defense Mechanisms
Projection
Psychoanalytical Theory
Assigning your own unacceptable feelings or qualities to others.
Feeling attracted to someone else, then fearing your spouse is cheating.
Defense Mechanisms
Intellectualization
Psychoanalytical Theory
Thinking about stressful things in a clinical way.
Losing someone close, staying busy with arrangements instead of sadness.
Defense Mechanisms
Rationalization
Psychoanalytical Theory
Justifying an unacceptable feeling or behavior with logic.
Denied a home loan, then saying its a good thing because it was too big.
Defense Mechanisms
Reaction Formation
Psychoanalytical Theory
Replacing an unwanted impulse with its opposite.
Being sad about a breakup, but acting happy about it.
Defense Mechanisms
Regression
Psychoanalytical Theory
Reverting to earlier behaviors
Hugging teddy bear when stressed as when you were a child.
What are the three components of Executive functioning.
EF regulates emotions and inhibits undesirable behavior.
- Set Shifting
- Monitoring and Updating
- Inhibition
Overall functioning is to regulate thoughts, feelings and behavior.
The model used to describe comorbidity between anxious and depressive sx.
The Tripartite Model
- Negative Affect disress, fear, disgust
- Positive Affect Joy, interest, activeness
- Physiological Hyperarousal SOB, dry mouth
Narcissism can be the result of a lack of adequate love from caregivers to the child, and narcissism often develops as a defense against _________.
Abandonment
Narcissitic Personality Disorder
Entitlement and exploitation of others are two maladaptive characteristic. What is another?
Sensitivity to criticism.
Hypersensitivity is thought to protect self and public esteem.
Vegetative Symptoms
Appetite, sleep, bowel/bladder function, and mostly bodily processes concerned with maintenance of life.
