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Human Growth > Theorists Unit > Flashcards

Theorists Unit Flashcards

1
Q

Define human growth and development

A

the study of how people develop throughout their life on all 6 levels (social, emotional, moral, psychological,physical)

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of physical development?

A

body growth, coordination, fine and gros motor skills

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of social development?

A

How to effectively get along, communicate, and behave in social settings

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of emotional development?

A

self esteem, expression of feelings

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of psychological development?

A

Brain development, mental stability

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of intellectual development?

A

Cognitive development including memory, attention span, abstract thinking, probelm sovling, and rational thinking

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of moral development?

A

Learning right from wrong

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8
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of human development?

A
  1. Humans develop similarity all around the world
  2. It is sequential (i.e walk before run)
  3. Individualized between people (i.e different rates of developing)
  4. Areas are related (i.e a child who can climb a chair to get a snack understands it is wrong)
  5. Continuous
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9
Q

What are the factors that affect development?

A

Nutrition, puberty, environment, media, socialization, and survival factors

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10
Q

What are the 3 temperaments of children?

A

Sensitive, placid, and agressive

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11
Q

What is a developmental task?

A

Adjustments that must occur throughout someones lifespan in order for them to achieve full happiness and complete the next task

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12
Q

What does Sigmund Freud believe the personality is made up of?

A

3 systems known as the id, the ego, and the super ego

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13
Q

What is the pleasure principle and which personality system operates using it?

A

The pleasure principle is used by the id and it is based off doing things to find pleasure, and avoiding things that bring pain/dissatisfaction

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14
Q

What is the reality principle and what system operates using it?

A

The reality principle is the ego’s ability to assess the realistic thing to do and act upon that

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15
Q

How does Sigmund Freud definite personality?

A

An individual’s relative distinctive pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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16
Q

What is the pre-concsious?

A

Information that is not currently in the conscious, but can be retrieved into the conscious

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17
Q

What is free association and who invented it?

A

Free association is a psychoanalytic method of exploring the unconscious where the person lies down and speaks what comes to mind, invented by freud

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18
Q

How does Sigmund Freud define the unconscious?

A

A reservoir of unaccepted thoughts in which the individual is not aware they have stored

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19
Q

What is the psychoanalytic perspective and how does it relate to free association?

A

The belief that behavior arises from unconscious drives and conflicts. Free association retrieves information from the unconscious to allow people to analyze their behavior.

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20
Q

What analogy does Sigmund Freud use to explain the mind?

A

Iceberg analogy. The top part is the visible part of personality shown, and the stuff below is the great, unconscious part.

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21
Q

What are Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages?

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital

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22
Q

Name all of the libidos and possible fixation effects of Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages

A

Oral (0-18 months)- libido is mouth,kids learn to trust and fixation can display as being anxious, anal, biting nails
Anal (1-3yr)- libido is anus, learning bowl movements and fixation can appear as messiness
Phallic (3-6 yr)- libido is genitals, where oedipus and Electra complex’s come out, fixation can result in sexual dysfunction
Latency (6-12 yr)- no libido, learning new skills
Genital (12 plus)- libido is genitals, start to gain mature sexual interests

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23
Q

Define Freud’s defence mechanism “denial”

A

Refusing to perceive what is happening

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24
Q

Define Freud’s defence mechanism “repression”

A

Unconsciously preventing thoughts from entering awarness

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25
Q

Define Freud’s defence mechanism “displacement”

A

Substituting a different target for impulses

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26
Q

Define Freud’s defence mechanism “projection”

A

Attributing one owns feelings or shortcomings onto another person (i.e. interpreting another person has the same flaws you do to make you feel better)

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27
Q

Define Freud’s defence mechanism “reaction formation”

A

Preventing feelings from being coming exposed by reacting in opposite way you feel

28
Q

Define Freud’s defence mechanism “regression”

A

Retreating to an earlier stage of development (i.e. temper tantrum)

29
Q

Define Freud’s Defence mechanism “rationalization”

A

Justifying one’s behavior by making us reasonable reasons

30
Q

Define Freud’s defence mechanism “sublimation”

A

Working off stress in productive ways

31
Q

Define Freud’s defence mechanism “compensation”

A

Bringing up strong suits to ake upfor areas where one is lacking

32
Q

According to Freud, what is fixation?

A

When the energy of the libido stops, and a person becomes stuck in that stage of life usually due to a traumatic effect

33
Q

According to Freud what is a Defence mechanism?

A

Mechanisms that operate at the unconscious level that help to ward off unpleasant feelings

34
Q

What is Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development?

A

Oral-sensory (birth-18m)- trust vs. mistrust

35
Q

Whats did Erik Erikson study mainly?

A

Psychosocial development throughout the entire lifespand

36
Q

What is Jean Piaget known for mainly?

A

His study of cognitive development in 4 stages

37
Q

What is Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development and what are some characteristics?

A

Sensory-motor (0-2yr), their knowledge is limited to what they can see and touch

38
Q

What is Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development and what are some characteristics?

A

Pre-operational (2-7), develops object permanence, conservation, but is still ego-centric

39
Q

What is object permanence?

A

The idea that objects still exist even when they are not in sight

40
Q

What is the idea of understanding conservation?

A

That things can be the same although they look different (i.e OJ in 2 different glasses is still the same amount).

41
Q

What is Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development and what are some characteristics?

A

Concrete operational (7-11), better logical thinking but still only operates using inductive reasoning (going from observations to general principal) so cannot understand hypothetical things such as deductive reasoning

42
Q

What is Piaget’s fourth and final stage of cognitive development and what are some characteristics?

A

Formal-Operational (11-adult), can know understand deductive reasoning and abstract thinking

43
Q

Define centration

A

Focusing on the most important part of something exculsivley

44
Q

What are schemas?

A

Repeatable patterns that can then be predicted, and outcomes can be predicted

45
Q

What are some criticisms of Piaget’s research in cognitive development?

A

His studies were all done on high social economic children from the same area, there is no cultural diversity in his research so we cannot conclude that these principles/theories are universal for all cultures

46
Q

What did Lawrence Kohlberg mainly study?

A

Stages of Moral development

47
Q

Name the first stage of Kohlberg’s moral development including sub-stages and characteristics

A

Pre-conventional 1. Obedience- avoiding punishment

2. Individualism and exchange- looking for rewards

48
Q

Name the second stage of Kohlberg’s moral development including sub-stages and characteristics

A

Conventional 1. Interpersonal Relationships- conformity

2. Law and Order

49
Q

Name the third and last stage of Kohlberg’s moral development including sub-stages and characteristics

A

Post-conventional 1. Individual rights- law is important but…is more 2. Universal principles- universal ethics

50
Q

Define motivation

A

The force that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviours

51
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

Motivations arising from outside the individual usually involving rewards

52
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

Motivations arising from within the individual for own personal gratification

53
Q

What is the Instinct theory of motivation?

A

Motivational behaviour is based on physiological needs.

54
Q

What is the drive-reduction theory of motivation?

A

Motivation to do something to reduce a drive (i.e drinking water to reduce thirst). Body’s way of maintaining homeostasis.

55
Q

What is the arousal theory of motivation?

A

Motivation arrises to increase or decrease levels of arousal.

56
Q

What is the incentive theory of motivation?

A

Motivations arise because of external outcomes, and associations with outcomes are formed (i.e. going to work gives money)

57
Q

What is the humanistic theory of motivation?

A

Motivations are based on cognitive reasons, based off of Maslow’s heirarchy of needs

58
Q

List Abraham Maslow’s levels in his hierarchy of needs from lowest to highest level

A

Physiological, safety (in job, heath, family, shelter), love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization (spontaneity, creativity, lack of prejudice, reaching full potential, problem solving)

59
Q

Define resiliency

A

Able to recover quickly

60
Q

What is Erikson’s second stage of Psychosocial development? Describe the task.

A

Muscular Anal (1.5 years-3yr): Autonomy vs. doubt

61
Q

What is Erikson’s third stage of psychosocial development? Describe the task.

A

Locomotor (3-5 yr): Initiative vs.Guilt

62
Q

What is Erikson’s fourth stage of psychosocial development?

A

Latency (6-12 yr): Industry vs. Inferiority.

63
Q

What is Erikson’s fifth stage of psychosocial development?

A

Adolescence (12-18 yr): Identity vs. Role confusion.

64
Q

What is Erikson’s sixth stage of psychosocial development?

A

Young Adulthood (18-35 yr): Intimacy vs Isolation.

65
Q

What is Erikson’s seventh stage of psychosocial development?

A

Middle Adulthood ( 3555/65): Generation vs. Stagnation.

66
Q

What is Erikson’s last stage of psychosocial development?

A

Late Adulthood (65-death): Integrity vs. Despair

Human Growth (3 decks)

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