Theorists Unit Flashcards
Define human growth and development
the study of how people develop throughout their life on all 6 levels (social, emotional, moral, psychological,physical)
What are the characteristics of physical development?
body growth, coordination, fine and gros motor skills
What are the characteristics of social development?
How to effectively get along, communicate, and behave in social settings
What are the characteristics of emotional development?
self esteem, expression of feelings
What are the characteristics of psychological development?
Brain development, mental stability
What are the characteristics of intellectual development?
Cognitive development including memory, attention span, abstract thinking, probelm sovling, and rational thinking
What are the characteristics of moral development?
Learning right from wrong
What are the 5 characteristics of human development?
- Humans develop similarity all around the world
- It is sequential (i.e walk before run)
- Individualized between people (i.e different rates of developing)
- Areas are related (i.e a child who can climb a chair to get a snack understands it is wrong)
- Continuous
What are the factors that affect development?
Nutrition, puberty, environment, media, socialization, and survival factors
What are the 3 temperaments of children?
Sensitive, placid, and agressive
What is a developmental task?
Adjustments that must occur throughout someones lifespan in order for them to achieve full happiness and complete the next task
What does Sigmund Freud believe the personality is made up of?
3 systems known as the id, the ego, and the super ego
What is the pleasure principle and which personality system operates using it?
The pleasure principle is used by the id and it is based off doing things to find pleasure, and avoiding things that bring pain/dissatisfaction
What is the reality principle and what system operates using it?
The reality principle is the ego’s ability to assess the realistic thing to do and act upon that
How does Sigmund Freud definite personality?
An individual’s relative distinctive pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
What is the pre-concsious?
Information that is not currently in the conscious, but can be retrieved into the conscious
What is free association and who invented it?
Free association is a psychoanalytic method of exploring the unconscious where the person lies down and speaks what comes to mind, invented by freud
How does Sigmund Freud define the unconscious?
A reservoir of unaccepted thoughts in which the individual is not aware they have stored
What is the psychoanalytic perspective and how does it relate to free association?
The belief that behavior arises from unconscious drives and conflicts. Free association retrieves information from the unconscious to allow people to analyze their behavior.
What analogy does Sigmund Freud use to explain the mind?
Iceberg analogy. The top part is the visible part of personality shown, and the stuff below is the great, unconscious part.
What are Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages?
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital
Name all of the libidos and possible fixation effects of Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages
Oral (0-18 months)- libido is mouth,kids learn to trust and fixation can display as being anxious, anal, biting nails
Anal (1-3yr)- libido is anus, learning bowl movements and fixation can appear as messiness
Phallic (3-6 yr)- libido is genitals, where oedipus and Electra complex’s come out, fixation can result in sexual dysfunction
Latency (6-12 yr)- no libido, learning new skills
Genital (12 plus)- libido is genitals, start to gain mature sexual interests
Define Freud’s defence mechanism “denial”
Refusing to perceive what is happening
Define Freud’s defence mechanism “repression”
Unconsciously preventing thoughts from entering awarness
Define Freud’s defence mechanism “displacement”
Substituting a different target for impulses
Define Freud’s defence mechanism “projection”
Attributing one owns feelings or shortcomings onto another person (i.e. interpreting another person has the same flaws you do to make you feel better)
Define Freud’s defence mechanism “reaction formation”
Preventing feelings from being coming exposed by reacting in opposite way you feel
Define Freud’s defence mechanism “regression”
Retreating to an earlier stage of development (i.e. temper tantrum)
Define Freud’s Defence mechanism “rationalization”
Justifying one’s behavior by making us reasonable reasons
Define Freud’s defence mechanism “sublimation”
Working off stress in productive ways
Define Freud’s defence mechanism “compensation”
Bringing up strong suits to ake upfor areas where one is lacking
According to Freud, what is fixation?
When the energy of the libido stops, and a person becomes stuck in that stage of life usually due to a traumatic effect
According to Freud what is a Defence mechanism?
Mechanisms that operate at the unconscious level that help to ward off unpleasant feelings
What is Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development?
Oral-sensory (birth-18m)- trust vs. mistrust
Whats did Erik Erikson study mainly?
Psychosocial development throughout the entire lifespand
What is Jean Piaget known for mainly?
His study of cognitive development in 4 stages
What is Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development and what are some characteristics?
Sensory-motor (0-2yr), their knowledge is limited to what they can see and touch
What is Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development and what are some characteristics?
Pre-operational (2-7), develops object permanence, conservation, but is still ego-centric
What is object permanence?
The idea that objects still exist even when they are not in sight
What is the idea of understanding conservation?
That things can be the same although they look different (i.e OJ in 2 different glasses is still the same amount).
What is Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development and what are some characteristics?
Concrete operational (7-11), better logical thinking but still only operates using inductive reasoning (going from observations to general principal) so cannot understand hypothetical things such as deductive reasoning
What is Piaget’s fourth and final stage of cognitive development and what are some characteristics?
Formal-Operational (11-adult), can know understand deductive reasoning and abstract thinking
Define centration
Focusing on the most important part of something exculsivley
What are schemas?
Repeatable patterns that can then be predicted, and outcomes can be predicted
What are some criticisms of Piaget’s research in cognitive development?
His studies were all done on high social economic children from the same area, there is no cultural diversity in his research so we cannot conclude that these principles/theories are universal for all cultures
What did Lawrence Kohlberg mainly study?
Stages of Moral development
Name the first stage of Kohlberg’s moral development including sub-stages and characteristics
Pre-conventional 1. Obedience- avoiding punishment
2. Individualism and exchange- looking for rewards
Name the second stage of Kohlberg’s moral development including sub-stages and characteristics
Conventional 1. Interpersonal Relationships- conformity
2. Law and Order
Name the third and last stage of Kohlberg’s moral development including sub-stages and characteristics
Post-conventional 1. Individual rights- law is important but…is more 2. Universal principles- universal ethics
Define motivation
The force that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviours
What is extrinsic motivation?
Motivations arising from outside the individual usually involving rewards
What is intrinsic motivation?
Motivations arising from within the individual for own personal gratification
What is the Instinct theory of motivation?
Motivational behaviour is based on physiological needs.
What is the drive-reduction theory of motivation?
Motivation to do something to reduce a drive (i.e drinking water to reduce thirst). Body’s way of maintaining homeostasis.
What is the arousal theory of motivation?
Motivation arrises to increase or decrease levels of arousal.
What is the incentive theory of motivation?
Motivations arise because of external outcomes, and associations with outcomes are formed (i.e. going to work gives money)
What is the humanistic theory of motivation?
Motivations are based on cognitive reasons, based off of Maslow’s heirarchy of needs
List Abraham Maslow’s levels in his hierarchy of needs from lowest to highest level
Physiological, safety (in job, heath, family, shelter), love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization (spontaneity, creativity, lack of prejudice, reaching full potential, problem solving)
Define resiliency
Able to recover quickly
What is Erikson’s second stage of Psychosocial development? Describe the task.
Muscular Anal (1.5 years-3yr): Autonomy vs. doubt
What is Erikson’s third stage of psychosocial development? Describe the task.
Locomotor (3-5 yr): Initiative vs.Guilt
What is Erikson’s fourth stage of psychosocial development?
Latency (6-12 yr): Industry vs. Inferiority.
What is Erikson’s fifth stage of psychosocial development?
Adolescence (12-18 yr): Identity vs. Role confusion.
What is Erikson’s sixth stage of psychosocial development?
Young Adulthood (18-35 yr): Intimacy vs Isolation.
What is Erikson’s seventh stage of psychosocial development?
Middle Adulthood ( 3555/65): Generation vs. Stagnation.
What is Erikson’s last stage of psychosocial development?
Late Adulthood (65-death): Integrity vs. Despair
