Development Throughout Lifespan Flashcards

1
Q

What theorist believes nurture plays the biggest role in Language acquisition?

A

B.F Skinner

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2
Q

What is B.F Skinner’s thoughts, or nurture points, on language acquisition?

A

Language is learned and reinforced by the environment surrounding the child
Operant conditioning-rewarding sounds that are similar to words and ignoring ones that aren’t
Parenting, reading, material, poverty may affect language acquisition of a child

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3
Q

What theorist believes nature plays the biggest role in language acquisition?

A

Noam Chomsky

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4
Q

What are Noam Chomsky’s thoughts, or nature points, on language acquisition?

A

Children learn language the same way despite language
Deaf children learn language in a similar manner
Newborns are born with the innate capacity to recognize certain words
Isolated children learn some form of communication, even though it isnt understood by others

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5
Q

How much is genetics said to play a role in intelligence?

A

50-80%

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6
Q

Is genetics more influential on a child’s intelligence at early years or later on in life?

A

environment plays the largest role in child intelligence in early years, but as the individual ages the genetics determines the success of the child intellectually.

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7
Q

What childhood attributes affect intelligence?

A

Childhood neglect in forms of malnutrition, sensory deprivation, and social isolation all negatively affect a child’s intelligence. However, there are not said-so ways that intelligence can be fast-tracked
School, in general, increases intelligence, or is statistically shown to

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8
Q

What are characteristics of secure attachment and how does it represent in adulthood?

A
  • The ability to separate from a parent, seek comfort, feel at ease with return of a parent, and prefers parent to stranger
  • This is shown in adulthood as having the ability to have healthy relationships, good self-esteem, expressive, and trusting
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9
Q

What are characteristics of ambivalent attachment and how does it represent in adulthood?

A
  • Wary of strangers, distressed when parents leave, does not appear comforted by return of parent
  • Represents are reluctant to make relationships, low self-esteem, and distraught when a relationship ends
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10
Q

What are characteristics of avoidant attachment and how does it represent in adulthood?

A

Avoid parents, does not seek parental comfort, no preference between parent and stranger
- Represents as intimacy problems, little emotion in relationships, inability to have thoughts/feelings with others

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11
Q

What is disorganized attachment?

A

At young age shows resistant and avoidant behavoirs, and at early childhood takes on parental role

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12
Q

What areas in the brain are responsible for language aquisition?

A

Wernicks area in the temporal lobe, and broca’s area in the frontal lobe

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13
Q

Explain the role of Wernick’s area in language acquisition

A

Language comprehension

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14
Q

Explain the role of Broca’s area in language acquisition.

A

Speech production, using tongue and lips

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15
Q

What factors can affect the acquisition of language?

A

Injury, such as aphasia (affects language comprehension)

Inadequate early stimulation, missed critical point

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16
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Limited grammatical structure, speech output, and speech pattern is slowed, all due to problems with language comprehension

17
Q

What are the 3 critical properties of any language?

A
  1. Symbolic
    - using sounds, written signs, or gestures to make out something meaningful
  2. Stucture
    - Rules that govern how sumbols can be combined to create meaning
  3. Generative
    - Symbols can be combined to create an almost infinite amount of messages w meaning
18
Q

What is syntax?

A

The rules of combining symbols

19
Q

What is semantics?

A

The rules of connecting symbols to what they mean

20
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

The smallest unit of sounds that is recognized in a given language. Ex “th” and “sh”

21
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

Smallest unit of meaning in a language Ex. “-ed” “Pre” “ not”

22
Q

When are first recognizable words developed?

A

1 year

23
Q

What does parentese consist of?

A
  1. Long vowel sounds
  2. Short constanants
  3. High pitch
24
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

An agent or condition that affects prenatal devleopment

25
Q

What are examples of teratogens?

A

Drugs, viruses, chemicals, malnutrition, environment, stress, hormones

26
Q

What is a typical gestation term?

A

40 weeks

27
Q

When is the brain most malleable and when does most dendrite growth occur?

A

1-3 years

28
Q

What behavior do children of depressive parents exhibit and why?

A

Lower frontal lobe activity, sad, less motivated because these are the types of behavior a parent demonstrates.
Depressive parents generally provide less stimulation to their toddlers and so their children development can be slowed, and behavior altered.

29
Q

What are some characteristics of how a teen’s brain operates?

A
  • Pre-frontal cortex is in growth
  • Rely of responses using amygdala when in emotion-inducing situations
  • Hypothalamus is at highest activity
  • Over production of neural cells and synapses to allow dendrite growth
  • 9hr sleep
30
Q

What are some characteristics of how an adult brain operates?

A

-Pre-frontal cortex reached maturity at 21, and is relied on when responding to emotion-inducting situations
-Hypothalamus is more controlled (by pre-frontal cortex)
-Dendrite growth slowed
7 hr sleep needed
- Slowed growth, but more plasticity as adaptation to new events is needed
- Ageing brain faces pruning
-Less neurotransmitter production