Development Throughout Lifespan Flashcards
What theorist believes nurture plays the biggest role in Language acquisition?
B.F Skinner
What is B.F Skinner’s thoughts, or nurture points, on language acquisition?
Language is learned and reinforced by the environment surrounding the child
Operant conditioning-rewarding sounds that are similar to words and ignoring ones that aren’t
Parenting, reading, material, poverty may affect language acquisition of a child
What theorist believes nature plays the biggest role in language acquisition?
Noam Chomsky
What are Noam Chomsky’s thoughts, or nature points, on language acquisition?
Children learn language the same way despite language
Deaf children learn language in a similar manner
Newborns are born with the innate capacity to recognize certain words
Isolated children learn some form of communication, even though it isnt understood by others
How much is genetics said to play a role in intelligence?
50-80%
Is genetics more influential on a child’s intelligence at early years or later on in life?
environment plays the largest role in child intelligence in early years, but as the individual ages the genetics determines the success of the child intellectually.
What childhood attributes affect intelligence?
Childhood neglect in forms of malnutrition, sensory deprivation, and social isolation all negatively affect a child’s intelligence. However, there are not said-so ways that intelligence can be fast-tracked
School, in general, increases intelligence, or is statistically shown to
What are characteristics of secure attachment and how does it represent in adulthood?
- The ability to separate from a parent, seek comfort, feel at ease with return of a parent, and prefers parent to stranger
- This is shown in adulthood as having the ability to have healthy relationships, good self-esteem, expressive, and trusting
What are characteristics of ambivalent attachment and how does it represent in adulthood?
- Wary of strangers, distressed when parents leave, does not appear comforted by return of parent
- Represents are reluctant to make relationships, low self-esteem, and distraught when a relationship ends
What are characteristics of avoidant attachment and how does it represent in adulthood?
Avoid parents, does not seek parental comfort, no preference between parent and stranger
- Represents as intimacy problems, little emotion in relationships, inability to have thoughts/feelings with others
What is disorganized attachment?
At young age shows resistant and avoidant behavoirs, and at early childhood takes on parental role
What areas in the brain are responsible for language aquisition?
Wernicks area in the temporal lobe, and broca’s area in the frontal lobe
Explain the role of Wernick’s area in language acquisition
Language comprehension
Explain the role of Broca’s area in language acquisition.
Speech production, using tongue and lips
What factors can affect the acquisition of language?
Injury, such as aphasia (affects language comprehension)
Inadequate early stimulation, missed critical point
What is aphasia?
Limited grammatical structure, speech output, and speech pattern is slowed, all due to problems with language comprehension
What are the 3 critical properties of any language?
- Symbolic
- using sounds, written signs, or gestures to make out something meaningful - Stucture
- Rules that govern how sumbols can be combined to create meaning - Generative
- Symbols can be combined to create an almost infinite amount of messages w meaning
What is syntax?
The rules of combining symbols
What is semantics?
The rules of connecting symbols to what they mean
What is a phoneme?
The smallest unit of sounds that is recognized in a given language. Ex “th” and “sh”
What is a morpheme?
Smallest unit of meaning in a language Ex. “-ed” “Pre” “ not”
When are first recognizable words developed?
1 year
What does parentese consist of?
- Long vowel sounds
- Short constanants
- High pitch
What is a teratogen?
An agent or condition that affects prenatal devleopment
What are examples of teratogens?
Drugs, viruses, chemicals, malnutrition, environment, stress, hormones
What is a typical gestation term?
40 weeks
When is the brain most malleable and when does most dendrite growth occur?
1-3 years
What behavior do children of depressive parents exhibit and why?
Lower frontal lobe activity, sad, less motivated because these are the types of behavior a parent demonstrates.
Depressive parents generally provide less stimulation to their toddlers and so their children development can be slowed, and behavior altered.
What are some characteristics of how a teen’s brain operates?
- Pre-frontal cortex is in growth
- Rely of responses using amygdala when in emotion-inducing situations
- Hypothalamus is at highest activity
- Over production of neural cells and synapses to allow dendrite growth
- 9hr sleep
What are some characteristics of how an adult brain operates?
-Pre-frontal cortex reached maturity at 21, and is relied on when responding to emotion-inducting situations
-Hypothalamus is more controlled (by pre-frontal cortex)
-Dendrite growth slowed
7 hr sleep needed
- Slowed growth, but more plasticity as adaptation to new events is needed
- Ageing brain faces pruning
-Less neurotransmitter production
