Theorists Flashcards
VAN ZOONEN - FEMINIST
LEVI STRAUSS - BINARY OPPOSITIONS
GAUNTLETT - IDENTITY
BELL HOOKS - FEMINIST
bell hooks is an advocate for intersectionality, the idea that social identities like race, class, sexuality, gender do not exist in isolation, and they may experience discrimination differently because their identity is shaped form multiple social groups. Example, Kelly from San Junipero is black, bisexual and a woman, and Yorkie is disabled, lesbian and a woman.
Bell hooks also argued that feminism is the struggle to end the male patriarchy but also that patriarchy not only harms women but also men by limiting their emotional expression and roles in society.
BAUDRILLARD - POSTMODERNISM
Baudrillard argues that in the postmodern world, we live in a “hyperreality”—a reality that is created by media, images, and signs, which often feel more “real” than actual reality itself. In other words, what we experience in media (like movies, advertisements, social media) starts to shape how we see the world, sometimes more than the real world does. The “real” becomes harder to distinguish from the “represented” (what we see in images or stories).
What makes a post modern product (how to identify)?
- Intertextuality, pastiche, irony and self awareness
- Nostalgia - it’s often distorted or reinterpreted, e.g “Black Mirror”: Episodes like “Be Right Back” or “White Christmas” play with the idea of technology blurring the lines between reality and artificial reproduction (e.g., the creation of AI versions of people).
STEVE NEALE - GENRE
BARTHES - SEMIOTICS
HESMONDHALGH - RISK VS REWARD
CURRAN & SEATON - PROFIT VS CREATIVITY/MEDIA CONCENTRATION
LIVINGSTONE & LUNT - REGULATION
JENKIN’S - FANDOM
BUTLER - GENDER
Judith Butler argues that gender is performative, or in other words gender is not a fixed trait but made up of behaviour, actions and performances that are repeated over time.
When media shows certain behaviours as typical for men and women (like men being tough and women being nurturing) it becomes normalised and and society expects people to perform to these roles.
- Butler also talks about how power operates in subtle ways through language, norms, and expectations. In the context of media, this means that the media doesn’t just reflect the world but actively shapes it by promoting certain values, norms, and ways of being.
For instance:
Media can reinforce stereotypes that limit people’s behaviors (e.g., women being less competent in STEM fields, men not showing emotions).
These ideas are spread and repeated so much that they seem like “natural” truths, even though they are constructed.
SHIRKY - END OF AUDIENCE
PROPP - CHARACTER
TODOROV - NARRATIVE
