Theories/theorists Flashcards
What did the Fis Phenomenon show and who were the theorists?
Berko and Brown - It was a study that showed that children are increasingly aware of their phonological errors, and that even though they are pronouncing a word wrong, they are not trying to, and that they prefer to be recast
2 examples of in utero experience studies and their theorists
Kuhl - Studied that, for the final 10 weeks of pregnancy, babies can hear, especially the voiced phonemes of their mother.
Murphy-Paul - Showed that while in utero, babies are able to experience the circumstances around them, while in the womb (Dutch Hunger Winter, 9/11)
What did the study of Intonation show and who was the theorist?
Cruttenden - Showed that children under the age of 7 struggle to infer meaning from intonation
What did the Wug Test show and who was the theorist?
Berko - Showed that young children can internalise complex grammatical codes and apply their rules broadly
What did the study of Under- and Over- extension show and who was the theorist?
Rescorla - Over-extension is when a child applies a word more widely than is appropriate, whereas under-extension is when a child uses a word too narrowly
What did the study of First Words show and who was the theorist?
Nelson - Identified that it was common that children’s first words fall into 4 categories: naming, actions/events, describing/modifying things, personal/social words
What did the study of the acquisition of new lexemes show and who was the theorist?
Aitchison - Showed that there are 3 stages in language acquisition: labelling, packaging and network building
What did the study of ‘pivot’ words show and who was the theorist?
Braine - During the holophrastic stage, children rely on one word utterances, known as ‘pivot’ words, which convey a number of different meanings
What did the study of the functions of spoken language show and who was the theorist?
Halliday - identified that there are 7 functions of language, which all make up what everyone says in everyday language
What are Halliday’s 7 functions of language?
Instrumental - used to fulfil a basic need
Regulatory - Used to influence others behaviours
Interactional - Used to develop social relations
Personal - Used to express personal preferences
Representational - Used to exchange information
Heuristic - Used to learn and explore the environment
Imaginative - Used to explore the imagination
What did the study of the stages of written development show and who was the theorist?
Kroll - Identified 4 phases of children’s development in written language:
- Preparatory (Up to 6 years)
- Consolidation (7-8 years)
- Differentiation (9-10 years)
- Integration (Into mid-teens)
What did the study of the ‘early stages’ of writing show and who was the theorist?
Barclay - Identified how children’s writing develops in early life
What are the ‘Early Stages’?
- Scribbling - Random marks on a page
- Mock handwriting - Imitating cursive writing
- Mock letters - Not real letters, shapes are separate
- Conventional letters - Individual, random letters
- Invented spelling - Random string of graphemes
- Phonetic spelling - Linking sounds with letters
- Correct spelling - Most regular spellings are accurate
What is the critical window and who was the studier?
Lenneburg - Says that there is a critical window for language acquisition which ends at puberty
How do you work out Mean Length of Utterance and who was the studier?
Brown - MLU = Total Number of Morphemes / Total Number of Utterances
