Concepts

Question 1

What is phonemic expansion and contraction?

Answer 1

When young children undergo phonemic expansion, they practice all available phonemes.
Phonemic contraction is where they discard those they don’t need

Question 2

What is Child Directed Speech (CDS)?

Answer 2

Adult speakers adjust the way they speak to children in a number of different ways

Question 3

What are some examples of CDS?

Answer 3

• Slower, clearer pronunciation
• More pauses
• More repetition
• Use of names rather than pronouns
• Exaggerated intonation and stress

Question 4

What is convergence?

Answer 4

Convergence is where the adult adopts the child’s error and starts making the same error

Question 5

What is recasting?

Answer 5

Recasting is where the adult hears a child’s error and corrects it, and often rehearses it with the child

Question 6

What is decoding and encoding?

Answer 6

Decoding is breaking down a word into its component phonemes
Encoding is constructing a word using graphemes.

Question 7

What are the 5 key stages of language acquisition and their calling cards?

Answer 7

1. Babbling (0-8 m) - canonical and variegated babbling
2. Two-word (9-18 m) - Using 2 words to talk
3. Holophrastic (18-24 m) - Starting to make sense, although not grammatically
4. Telegraphic (24-30 m) - Starting to form grammatically correct sentences (SVO)
5. Post-telegraphic (30+ m) - Using grammatical sentences

Question 8

What are the 7 phonological errors?

Answer 8

• Addition
• Deletion
• Consonant Cluster Reduction
• Reduplication
• Avoidance of Unstressed Syllable
• Assimilation
• Substitution

Question 9

What are the key morphological terms?

Answer 9

Free morphemes - function independently as words
Bound morphemes - only appear as part of words, with a root
Inflectional - Suffixes, ensures a word agrees with the context
Derivational - Bring considerable change, often changes class
Cranberry - A morpheme that only occurs with that meaning once

Question 10

What is overgeneralisation?

Answer 10

When children apply regular rules to irregular words, they are over generalising

Question 11

What are hypernyms and hyponyms and what is the trick to remember them?

Answer 11

A hypernym is a larger group which can have a range of things (hyponyms) grouped into it.
Hyper Hippos is the memory aid.

Question 12

What are 2 key rules of conversation

Answer 12

• Turn taking
• Responding to the other person