Theories related to Aging

Question 1

Progeria

Answer 1

Premature aging makes young children look like older men and women

Question 2

What are the biological theories?

Answer 2

1. Programmed Theories
2. Wear and Tear theories
3. Cellular theory
4. Nutritional model theory

Question 3

Species Maximum Lifespan

Answer 3

Lifespan varies in different animal species

Question 4

Predictors of aging?

Answer 4

1. Species Maximum Lifespan: lifespan varies in different animal species
2. Twins: both live about the same age
3. Parent’s age: mother’s longevity is a better predictor

Question 5

Wear and Tear theories

Answer 5

environmental assaults make things go wrong gradually

Question 6

Cellular theory

Answer 6

cell function debilitates with age (necrosis and apoptosis)

Question 7

Nutritional model theory

Answer 7

If animals were fed 50-60% less energy, they would live longer and be healthier; reflects on people getting older, and what their past is like- not eating healthy effects comorbidity and increases chances of dysphagia

Question 8

What are the biochemical theories/processes?

Answer 8

1. Free Radical theory: oxidation causes aging.
2. Autoimmune theory: malfunctioning body cells begin to attack healthy cells
3. DNA and Genetic theories: DNA is programmed with a lifespan and cells act likewise
4. Telomerase theory: telomeres hold some aging information
5. Neuroendocrine theory: hormonal alterations occur

Question 9

Free Radical theory

Answer 9

oxidation causes aging.

Question 10

Autoimmune theory

Answer 10

malfunctioning body cells begin to attack healthy cells

Question 11

DNA and Genetic theories

Answer 11

DNA is programmed with a lifespan and cells act likewise

Question 12

Telomerase theory

Answer 12

telomeres hold some aging information

Question 13

Neuroendocrine theory

Answer 13

hormonal alterations occur

Question 14

What are the social theories?

Answer 14

• Some people age more successfully than others
  1. Role theory: adaptation to role changes
  2. Activity theory: more activity in middle ages predicts better later adjustment and satisfaction
  3. Disengagement theory: belief that withdrawal from active roles is conducive to satisfaction in old age and beneficial to society
  4. Social Exchange theory: individuals and groups act to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Question 15

Role theory

Answer 15

adaptation to role changes

Question 16

Activity theory

Answer 16

more activity in middle ages predicts better later adjustment and satisfaction

Question 17

Disengagement theory

Answer 17

belief that withdrawal from active roles is conducive to satisfaction in old age and beneficial to society

Question 18

Social exchange theory

Answer 18

individuals and groups act to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Question 19

What changes about swallow with aging?

Answer 19

Different about structure: lower hyoid bc of muscle atrophy (at rest hyoid is lower)
Osteoporsis of mandible and of cervical vertebrae
Facial dropping- muscles sag– larynx will not close completely bc muscle will atrophy
Postural changes- cervical spine curveture- hyposcoloiosis, c-spine (cant do compensatory technqiues in dysphagia)
Change in dentition- no teeth, problems in chewing
Vocal folds thinner- atrophy ( males F0 goes up, females F0 goes down)

Increased oral mastication time/chewing strokes
Ossification of thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage and hyoid bone giving structures a more prominent appearances during fluoroscopy.
Lowering of the larynx in the neck
Increased chances of cervical arthritis causing osteophytes
Reduced pharyngeal contraction causing increased number of swallows per bolus to clear residue

More frequent ‘dipper’ tongue position vs. ‘tipper’ tongue position
Longer oral swallow stage
Pharyngeal swallow trigger delay-
More frequent penetration but no increase in aspiration
Slower and less efficient esophageal transit
Reduced vertical hyolaryngeal movement indicating reduced neuromuscular reserve
Reduced flexibility of CP opening

Question 20

PRESBYPHAGIA

Answer 20

use this term when u are confident that it is just due to aging
At 80 y/0 and its penetrating and aspiration consistently- not normal aging, don’t use this term