Theories & People (as a review from the beginning of the textbook and in case she asks about them on the exam)

Question 1

Developmental Theory

Answer 1

A group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate the thousands of observations that have been made about human growth

Question 2

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 2

the theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behaviour

Question 3

What are Freud’s stages and their approx. ages?

Answer 3

1. Oral stage (birth-1yr)
2. Anal stage (1-3yrs)
3. Phallic stage (3-6yrs)
4. Latency (6-11yrs)
5. Genital Stage (adolescence and adulthood)

Question 4

What are Erikson’s stages and their approx. ages?

Answer 4

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1yr)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3yrs)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6yrs)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11yrs)
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Integrity vs. Despair (adulthood)

Question 5

Learning Theory

Answer 5

a theory of human development that describes the laws and process by which observable behaviour is learned

Question 6

Behaviourism

Answer 6

a learning theory based on the idea that behaviours can be trained and changed in response to stimuli in the environment

Question 7

Social Learning Theory

Answer 7

an extension of behaviorism that emphasizes that other people influence each person’s behaviour.
○ The theory’s basic principle is that even without specific reinforcement, every individual learns many things through observation and imitation of other people

Question 8

Cognitive Theory

Answer 8

a theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time

Question 9

What are Piaget’s periods of cognitive development and their age ranges?

Answer 9

1. Sensorimotor (birth-2yrs)
2. Preoperational (2-6yrs)
3. Concrete operational (6-11yrs)
4. Formal operational (12yrs- thru adulthood)

Question 10

Family systems theory

Answer 10

a theory of human behaviour that focuses on the family as a unit or functioning system, with each member having a role to play and rules to respect

Question 11

Humanism

Answer 11

a theory that stresses the potential of all human beings for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender or background

Question 12

What is Maslow’s 5 needs of humanism?

Answer 12

1. Physiological: needing food, water, warmth, air
2. Safety: feeling protected from injury and death
3. Love and belonging: having loving friends, family, and a community
4. Esteem: being respected by the wider community as well as by oneself
5. Self actualization: becoming truly oneself, fulfilling one’s unique potential

Question 13

Evolutionary Theory

Answer 13

nature works to ensure that each species does two things: survive and reproduce