Chapter 10 Flashcards
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Erikson’s term for the 5th stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out “Who am I?” but is confused as to which of the many roles to adapt
Identity Achievement
Erikson’s term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans
Role Confusion
a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is (sometimes called identity or role diffusion)
Foreclosure
Erikson’s term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts his or her parents’ or society’s roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis
Moratorium
an adolescent’s choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions, ex. Going to college/university
What are James Marcia’s 4 specific ways in which a young person can cope with this stage of life?
- Role confusion
- Foreclosure
- Moratorium
- Identity Achievement
Gender Identity (early childhood)
the ability of children to make gender distinctions by accurately labelling themselves as a boy or girl
Ethnic Identity
the extent to which a person identifies with a particular ethnic group’s roles and behaviours (also known as ethnocultural identity or cultural identity)
What are John Barry’s 4 ways ethnic identity is modified in young people by immigration to a new country?
- Integrated identity
- Separated Identity
- National identity
- Diffuse identity
Integrated Identity
youths maintain their heritage identity while incorporating aspects of settlement or new country identity
Separated identity
youths maintain heritage identity while rejecting the settlement identity
National identity
youths reject heritage identity and replace with settlement identity
Diffuse identity
youths reject both their heritage and settlement identity
Bickering
petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing
What are the 4 aspects of family closeness?
- communication
- support
- connectedness
- control
Parental monitoring
parents’ ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom
Peer pressure
encouragement to conform to one’s friends or contemporaries in behaviour, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority
Deviancy training
destructive peer support in which one person shows how to rebel against authority or social norm
clique
a group of adolescents made up of close friends who are loyal to one another while excluding outsiders
crowd
a larger group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends
What are Dexter Dunphy’s 4 sequences of male-female relationships during childhood and adolescence?
- Groups of friends, exclusively one sex or the other
- Loose association of girls and boys, with public interactions within a crowd
- Small mixed sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd
- Formation of couples, with private intimacies
Sexual Orientation
a term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, opposite sex or both sexes
Child sexual abuse
any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a child, whether or not the victim protests and whether or not genital contact is involved
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
an infection spread by sexual contact; includes syphilis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, chlamydia, and HIV
Teenagers have higher rates of most common STIs
Clinical depression
feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last 2 weeks or more
Rumination
repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression
Suicidal ideation
thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones
Parasuicide
any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death (also called attempted suicide or failed suicide)
Cluster suicides
several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period
What are the 2 clusters of factors that predict delinquency, and name some symptoms for both
- One from childhood (primarily brain based)
- Short attention span
- Hyperactivity
- Inadequate emotional regulation
- Slow language development
- Low intelligence
- Early and sever malnutrition
- Autistic tendencies
- Maternal cigarette smoking
- Being victim of severe child abuse, especially blows to head - One from adolescence (primarily contextual)
- Deviant friends
- Few connections to school
- Living in a crowded, violent, unstable neighbourhood
- Not having a job
- Using drugs and alcohol
- Having close relatives (especially older siblings) in jail
Adolescence limited offender
a person whose criminal activity stops by age 21
Generational forgetting
the idea that each new generation forgets what previous generation learned. As used here, term refers to knowledge about harm drugs can do
Life course persistent offender
A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life; a career criminal
