Theories Paper 2 Flashcards
What is Deborah Cameron gender theory?
Women and men talk differently and believes that any noticeable language differences in gender are due to expectations places on us by society not biological factors (verbal hygiene) change of language to societal expectations
What is Jennifer Coates and Deborah jones gender theory ?
Jones women study of oral culture which she calls gossip and categorises in terms of house talk, scandal, bitching and chatting
What is robin lakoff theory of deficit in gender?
Women are socialised into behaving like ladies and that this subordinate position within society stops them being powerful
What is Zimmerman and west theory?
Men are more likely to interrupt women in a mixed sex convo suggesting their dominance
What is Pamela fishman theory ?
Women do more of the conversational work due to the inferior position within society
What is Jennifer Coates theory ?
Found that boys and girls tend to belong to same sex friend groups and develop different styles of speaking
What is Penelope eckert jocks and burnout study ?
Jocks were the cool kids burnouts not cool mainly wc
What is obarr and Atkins study ?
Studied courtrooms and the speech of witness found that language differences are based on situation specific authority or power rather than gender
What is jenny Cheshire theory on gender?
Males are more susceptible to covert prestige but social attitude is more of a determining factor than gender
What is Howard Giles accommodation theory ?
The idea that people have different levels of formality of lanaguge at their disposal and will converge or diverge their lanaguage depending on the situation
What is Howard Giles received pronouciation theory?
Investigated rp and brimingham accent the same speaker used 2 different accents to discuss psychology the RP speaker was rated. Higher in terms of competence and intelligence
What is peter trudgill accent theory?
Studied the -no sound at the end of words in Norwich found the -g was dropped more widely in lower social classes
What is labov Martha’s Vineyard study?
The fishermen resisted dialect levelling due to tourists claiming their identity as residents divergence was used to mark the change however the younger locals converged with the tourists
What is labov pronounicaiton of r theory?
Studied the pronounciation of r in New York City departments stores found that the lower middle class were most susceptible to overt prestige
What is drew and heritage work talk theory?
Identified the key difference between everyday conversations and workplace talk e.g. goal orientated speech and turn taking rules and restrictions
What is drew and heritage inferential frameworks theory?
Members of a discourse community share implicit ways of thinking behaving and communicating constraints on language use are dictated by workplace hierarchy
What is john swales theory?
Professional discourse communities occur due to the professional lexis used to maximise effiecieny in workplaces
What is Cheshire life events theory?
Adult and child language develops in response to important life events such as marriage, child birth and change is social situations
Milroy theory?
Two types of networks open and closed. Including a close knit group of people or more broad
Men have closed networks but women have open networks
What is eckert theory of three ways to identify age?
Chronological age(years since birth)
Biological age(physical maturity)
Social age(linked to life events )
Penelope eckert slang theory?
Slang is used to connect an individual to youth culture and disassociate them with other generations
What is Vivian de Klerk theory?
Younger people have the freedom to challenge linguistic norms they seek establishing new identities patterns of speech are replaced with patterns within their peer group
What is Zimmerman theory on teen speak?
Media, press, music and graffiti influence teen language
What is crystal theory?
English has become the worlds leading language because :
1.englihs was distributed around the world as a lanaguge of the British empire
2.it was the language of the industrial revolution
3. It is the lanaguge of the usa
What is Hockett random fluctuation theory?
Lanaguge changes due to its own instability
What is David crystal theory?
The way we communicate online is similar to how we communicate in real life he believes we are now living in a linguistic economy where lanaguge is more practical than formal
What is aitichinson theory?
3 metaphors to describe lanaguge change
The damp spoon
Infectious disease
Crumbling castle
What is Sapir whorf hypothesis ?
States that certain thoughts of an individual in one lanaguge cant be understood by those who live in another language the way people think. Is strongly effected by their native language
What did Joanna thornborrow say?
Use of language is one of the most fundamental ways that we have to establish and shape out identity
What is neologism?
A completely new word made up and introduced into a language
What did Ives find on immigrants?
Speakers of Bradford Asian English consciously mixed punjabi and English to create a British Asian group identity exclusive to 2nd generation youth language use unifies them
These ppl also code switched using standard English in formal/professional contexts and their own dialect when in a social context
What did Ives find on MLE?
Language use was base on area not ethnicity Londoners spoke the same regardless of if they were white or black
What did leslie milroy argue?
Dialect levelling is taking place- our regional dialects are being weakened and are all becoming more similar because of increased geographical mobility
What does kerswill suggest?
Increasing amount of social mobility and increased interaction with other dialects has led to dialect levelling
What did Giles find ?
Matched guise experiment didn’t like brum accent rated RP higher
What did Dixon,Mahoney and cocks find?
Speakers of a Birmingham accent were more likely to be viewed as guilty of a crime if found as a suspect than speakers of RP
What did Cheshire argue?
Adults language changes not just on age but by important life events such as getting married or having children
What did Ives find on teen speak?
Heavy use of taboo
Dialect commonly used
Slang is common
Informal lexical choices
