Paper 2 Theorists Upgrade Flashcards
What is Pamela fishman gender theory ?
Convos between sexes sometimes fail because of how men respond or don’t respond
Criticised lakoff as fishman looks at questions as an attribute of interactions (women ask questions because of the power of them not weakness)
Women ask questions as men wont respond to declarative statements
Men speak 2 as long as women
What is lakoff theory of gender?
Women use hedging, polite forms, tag questions, speak less frequently, apologise more, ask questions shows women insecurity and hesitation
Zimmerman and west gender theory ?
In mixed sex convos men are more likely to interrupt than women
What is Deborah jones gender theory?
House talk-its distinguishing function is the exchange of info and resources connected with the female role as an occupation
Scandal- judging of the behaviour of others
Bitching- overt expression of women’s anger at their restricted role and inferior status
Chatting-most intimate form of gossip a mutual self disclosure
Holmes gender theory ?
Men use language as a tool to give and obtain info
Women use language as a means of keeping in touch
Women give and receive more compliments and see it as a positive thing but men see it as face threatening
John swales on occupation?
Once u start work u become a member of a professional community which has a set of professional practices and shares specialist knowledge and certain values
Discourse community share jargon
Horvak on occupation?
The shift from work talk to personal talk is always initiated by the highest ranking person in the room
Drew and heritage on occupation
Summarised differences between work talk and everyday convo
Goal orientated, turn taking, allowable contributions, professional lexis, structure
Inferential framework- knowledge is built up over time and used in order to understand meanings that are implicit
Grices maxims on occupation
Rules that need to be applied to make a convo successful:
Maxim of quantity- where one tries to be as informative as possible
Maxim of quality- where one tries to be truthful
Maxim of relation- where one tries to be relevant
Maxim of manner- where one tries to be as clear as brief as possible
Goffman in occupation?
Face theory
Face : a persons self esteem or emotional needs
Positive face: the need to feel wanted and liked
Negative face: the need to have freedom of action
Face threatening act: a communicative act that threatens someone’s positive or negative act
Milroy and milroy Belfast study on social groups?
Looked at inner city Belfast in 1970s and 3 wc communities
Looked at the correlation between the intergration of people in the community and the way they speak
A high score was correlated with the use of non standard forms this suggests accent/dialect was strongly influenced by the level of integration into a social network
Close-knit networks are important for dialect maintenance as it promotes solidarity and identity
Berstein elaborated and restricted code social groups?
Elaborated code: formally correct syntax more subordinate clauses fewer unfinished sentences
Restricted code: looser syntax, simpler connectives more cliches, compound sentences and pronouns
Penelope eckert jocks and burnout social groups?
Research in high school in Detroit
Two distinctive groups jocks and burnouts
Burnouts were actively rebellious and refused to take part in school activities and the jocks ppts in school life enthusiastically
Burnouts exaggerates pronounciations to sound more Detroit
Jocks more concerned in speaking in a more prestigious way
Jenny Cheshire reading study social groups
Identified 11 non standard features and measured their frequency of use in boys and girls in a reading playground, differentiated between those who approved or disapproved of minor criminal activities
All children who approved of peer group criminal activity were more likely to use non standard forms
Those who disapproved use non standard less frequently
Suggest that variation in dialect is a conscious choice influenced by social attitude covert prestige (talking more informal)
Wearing 3 types of power?
Social group
Political
Personal
Peter trudging accent and dialect
Men are less standard than women
Men think they are more standard than they are and women think they are less standard than they are
The lower the class the greater the use of non standard English
Uk accent survey Aziz corporation accent and dialect?
79% of businesses thought that a strong regional accent was a disadvantage
Cockney was thought to be successful but not trustworthy
Geordie was thought to be warm and caring
Indiana and Asian are hardworking and reliable
Labov Martha’s Vineyard accent and dialect?
Study into how people adapt and change their dialects overtime looked at an island with 6000 people but had over 40k visitors each summer
Residents adapted their speech to accommodate visitors and over many years the islanders adapted their speech to the majority and it became the norm
Younger generations spoke most like the visitors
Fisherman changed their vowel sounds to sound different to the visitors to seek solidarity/ covert prestige
Jean aitchison language change
Metaphors
Damp spoon
Crumbling castle
Infectious disease
Bailey wave model language change
Suggested that geographical distance could have an effect on language change
E.g. someone who is close to the epicentre will feel the tremors of the earthquake a person or group close to the epicentre of language will pick it up whereas a person further away from the centre of change is less likely to adopt it
Hockett random fluctuation theory language change
Language change occurs due to the unstable nature of language itself
Language change occurs within the language to do so to the constant changing context of the language itself and its users
Functional theory language change
Suggests that language always changes and adapts to the needs of its users
Changes in technology and industry often fuel the need for words words fall out of usage such as vinyl for records are replaced with mp3
Sapir whorf linguistic determinism language change
Reflectionism in language is based on the theory that a person language reflects their way of thinking so someone who uses derogatory slurs such as paki could be said to be using language that reflects their prejudice towards immigrants
Determinism is based on the idea that if people can be persuaded not to use such terms but ones that are seen as more acceptable ie exchanging paki for Asian can determine a new way of thinking and this forms the basis on which political correctness is formed
John honey on language Change
Believes the standards of English language are failing and he believes the standard English should be used
Chen the s curve model language change
The s curve model is based on the idea that language change can occur at a slow pace creating the initial curve of s and then increases speeds as it becomes more common and accepted into the language and is widely used
This model is based on Chen who asserted that users would pick up a language change at a certain rate before spreading into wider language usage and then slowing
Braj kachru circle model
Inner circle- English as it took first shape English as a primary language
Outer circle- English as a lingua Franca usually establish through colonisation
The expanding circle- English plays no role in day to day life but is used a medium of international communication seen in countries like Russia and Japan
Jenkins English as a lingua Franca
Many learners of English today don’t need to use English with people whose first language is English they are more likely to use English in situations where nobody shares an L1 e.g. a native speaker of french and a naive speaker of Japanese’s might use English to communicate with each other
Hockettt random fluctuation theory
Errors occur in language and we tend to pass on these errors to other users one way in which change is spread
Pidgins and creoles
When people speaking 2 different language have to communicate 2 things happen
A basic language (pidgins) develops with simple grammar and limited vocabulary
A gen later this language gains normal complexity of every human and becomes a creoles language
