Theories Of Religion

Question 1

Functional

Substantive

Social constructionist

Answer 1

Substantive- exclusive, belief in supernatural e.g. God or holy texts.
• Functional – what religion does for individual/society, inclusive.
• Social constructionist – How people define religion/definitions change, inclusive, Interpretivist.

Question 2

Durkheim

Answer 2

Sacred and profane – Sacred (things surrounded by prohibitions/taboos and create feelings of awe – powerful feelings from sacred represent greater power e.g. society) and profane (ordinary things).

Totenism – Study of Arunta rituals around totems e.g. reinforcing solidarity of group = totem represents power of society that individuals rely on.
• The collective conscience – Sacred symbols/rituals = society’s collective conscience, reinforcing integration, binding people together reminding them they’re part of a group.
• Cognitive functions – Religion the source of our ability to reason/think conceptually = religion allows us to think of/share ideas of time, space.

Question 3

Malinowski: Psychological functions of religion:

Answer 3

Helps those cope with stress, promotes social solidarity.
Study of Trobriand Islanders:
1. When outcome is uncertain (fishing in lagoon =no rituals as situation safe, when fishing in ocean = rituals as dangerous situation).
2. Life crisis → death/birth/marriage = brings people together, gives peace of mind.

Question 4

Parsons

Answer 4

Values and meanings- helps people cope with life events and understand why things happen in world.

Question 5

Woodhead: criticisms of feminist theories

Answer 5

• Patriarchy not true in all religions.

* Argues that the Hijab is liberating for women.