Theories of Personality and Psychopathology Flashcards
is a theory
of the personality, a
method of investigation,
and a scientific discipline.
Psychoanalysis
Founder of Classic
Psychoanalysi
Sigmund Freud
Freud stipulated that for a technique to be psychoanalytic, it has to involve the principles of _________ and ________.
Transference and resistance
Is the patient’s displacement onto the
analyst of early wishes and feelings toward
other people
Transference
Freud originally identified ________ when
he asked his patients to use the technique
of free association.
resistance
__________ is a subjective
phenomenon whose content can be
communicated only by means of
language or behavior.
Consciousness
Freud assumed that consciousness
employed a form of neutralized psychic
energy that he referred to as _____________.
attention cathexis
Part of the mind in which perceptions
coming from the outside world or from
which the body or mind are brought
into awareness.
Consciousness
Is composed of those mental events, processes, and contents capable of being brought into conscious awareness by the act of focusing attention.
Preconscious
The ________ also serves to maintain
the repressive barrier and to censor
unacceptable wishes and desires.
preconscious
Its mental contents and processes are kept from conscious awareness through the force of censorship or repression.
Unconscious
is closely
related to instinctual drives.
Unconscious
The content of the _______
is limited to wishes seeking
fulfillment.
unconscious
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is characterized by primary process thinking, which has as its principal aim the facilitation of wish fu l f i l l m e n t a n d i n s t i n c t u a l discharge.
unconscious system
It is governed by the pleasure principle and therefore disregards logical connections, has no concept of time, represents wishes as fulfillments, permits contradictions to exist simultaneously, and denies the existence of negatives.
unconscious system
Memories in the unconscious have been divorced
from their connection with verbal symbols.
Hence, when words are reapplied to forgotten
memory traits, as in psychoanalytic treatment,
the __________ allows the memories to
reach consciousness again.
verbal recathexis
The three provinces of structural theory of mind:
ID
Ego
Superego
Term to refer to a reservoir of unorganized
instinctual drives.
Id
Operating under the domination of the primary
process, the ______ lacks the capacity to delay or
modify the instinctual drives with which an infant
is born.
id
The ______ should not be viewed as synonymous with
the unconscious because both the ego and
superego have unconscious components
id
The _____ spans all three topographic
dimensions of conscious, preconscious, and
unconscious.
ego
Defense mechanisms reside in the
unconscious domain of the ______.
ego
The ______ is the executive organ of the
psyche and controls motility, perception,
contact with reality, and, through the
mechanisms of defense available to it, the
delay and modulation of drive expression.
ego
Freud believed that the modification of the
______ occurs as a result of the impact of the
external world on the drives
id
The ego ideal is often regarded as a
component of the _______.
superego
It is an agency that prescribes what a
person should do according to internalized
standards and values.
Ego
is an agency of
moral conscience that proscribes ( dictates
what a person should not do).
Superego
avoiding the awareness of some painful
aspect of reality by negating sensory data.
Denial
grossly reshaping external reality to
suit inner needs (including unrealistic
megalomanic beliefs, hallucinations, wishfulfilling delusions) and using sustained feelings
of delusional superiority or entitlement
Distortion
perceiving and reacting to
unacceptable inner impulses and their
derivatives as though they were outside
the self.
Projection
expressing an unconscious wish or
impulse through action to avoid being conscious
of an accompanying affect
Acting out
temporarily or transiently inhibiting
thinking
Blocking
exaggerating or
overemphasizing an illness for the purpose of
evasion and regression.
Hypochondriasis
internalizing the qualities of an
object.
introjection
expressing
aggression toward others indirectly through
passivity, masochism, and turning against the self.
Passive-aggressive behavior
attempting to return to an earlier
libidinal phase of functioning to avoid the tension
and conflict evoked at the present level of
development.
Regression
indulging in autistic retreat
in order to resolve conflict and to obtain
gratification.
schizoid fantasy
converting psychic derivatives
into bodily symptoms and tending to react
with somatic manifestations, rather than
psychic manifestations.
Somatization
attempting to manage or
regulate events or objects in the
environment to minimize anxiety and to
resolve inner conflicts.
controlling
shifting an emotion or drive
cathexis from one idea or object to another
that resembles the original in some aspect
or quality
displacement
tending to perceive in the
external world and in external objects elements
of one’s own personality, including instinctual
impulses, conflicts, moods, attitudes, and styles
of thinking.
externalization
consciously limiting or renouncing
some ego functions, alone or in combination, to
evade anxiety arising out of conflict with
instinctual impulses, the superego, or
environmental forces or figures.
Inhibition
excessively using intellectual
process to avoid affective expression or
experience.
intellectualization
splitting or separating an idea from the
affect that accompanies it but is repressed.
isolation
offering rational explanations in
an attempt to justify attitudes, beliefs, or
behavior that may otherwise be unacceptable.
rationalization
temporarily but drastically
modifying a person’s character or one’s
sense of personal identity to avoid
emotional distress.
dissociation
transforming an
unacceptable impulse into its opposite
reaction formation
expelling or withholding from
consciousness an idea or feeling.
repression
endowing an object or function with sexual significance that it did not previously have or possessed to a smaller degree in order to ward off anxieties associated with prohibited impulses or their derivatives
sexualization
using constructive and
instinctually gratifying service to others to
undergo a vicarious experience.
altruism
realistically anticipating or
planning for future inner discomfort
anticipation
eliminating the pleasurable
effects of experiences.
asceticism
using comedy to overtly express
feelings and thoughts without personal
discomfort or immobilization and without
producing an unpleasant effect on others.
humor
achieving impulse gratification
and the retention of goals but altering a
socially objectionable aim or object to a
socially acceptable one
sublimation
consciously or
semiconsciously postponing attention to a
conscious impulse or conflict
suppression
___________ was a psychoanalyst who
created an original and highly influential
theory of psychological development and
crisis occurring in periods that extended
across the entire life cycle
Erik Erikson
Erikson’s formulations were based on the
concept of _______, a term borrowed
from embryology.
epigenesis
According to the __________, if
successful resolution of a particular stage
does not occur, all subsequent stages
reflect that failure in the form of physical,
c o g n i t i v e , s o c i a l , o r e m o t i o n a l
maladjustment.
epigenetic model
______ is the disguised fulfillment of an
unconscious childhood wish that is not readily
accessible to conscious awareness in waking life.
Dream
refers to what is recalled
by the dreamer
manifest content
involves the unconscious
thoughts and wishes that threaten to awaken the
dreamer.
latent content
Several unconscious impulses, wishes, or
feelings can be combined and attached to
one manifest dream image
condensation
The energy or intensity associated with one
object is diverted to a substitute object that is
associatively related but more acceptable to the
dreamer’s ego.
displacement
_______, a special instance of displacement, involves the
attribution of the dreamer’s own unacceptable impulses or
wishes to another character in the dream.
Projection
