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NEURO-PSYCH > [PF] NORMAL SLEEP > Flashcards

[PF] NORMAL SLEEP Flashcards

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1
Q

Period of rest for the body and mind

A

Normal sleep

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2
Q

Volition and consciousness are in abeyance

A

Normal sleep

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3
Q

Bodily functions are partially suspended

A

Normal sleep

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4
Q

Described as a behavioral state

A

Normal sleep

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5
Q

Characteristic immobile posture

A

Normal sleep

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6
Q

Diminished but readily reversible sensitivity to external stimuli

A

Normal sleep

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7
Q

Functions of sleep

A
  1. restorative
  2. homeostatic function
  3. thermoregulation
  4. energy conservation
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8
Q

Composed of four stages

A

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)

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9
Q

Most physiological functioning are markedly lower than in wakefulness

A

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)

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10
Q

NREM sleep increases after exercise and starvation and may be associated with satisfying metabolic needs

A

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)

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11
Q

Occurs 90 minutes after NREM sleep

A

Rapid eye movement (REM)

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12
Q

Many _____ episodes during the night

A

REM

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13
Q

There is a latency period of 90 minutes in normal adults

A

REM

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14
Q

Short latency period occurs in pathologic states

A

REM

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15
Q

Narcolepsy or depressive episodes

A

REM

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16
Q

Sleep scoring – sleep is measured in epochs of _______.

A

30 minutes

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17
Q

Test that detects electrical activity in brain using small flat metal discs (electrodes) attached to your scalp

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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18
Q

On the premise that brain cells communicate via electrical impulses and are active all the time, even when asleep

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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19
Q

This activity shows up as _______ on an EEG recording

A

wavy lines

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20
Q

It records rapid conjugate of eye movements that are identifying features of sleep

A

Electrooculagram (EOG)

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21
Q

No or few rapid eye movements in NREM sleep

A

Electrooculagram (EOG)

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22
Q

Presence of rapid eye movements

A

Electrooculagram (EOG)

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23
Q

Measures electrical activity of muscles at rest and during contraction

A

Electromyogram (EMG)

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24
Q

In sleep, EMG shows remarkable reduction in _______.

A

muscle tone

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25
Q

Sleep is a peaceful state relative to waking

A

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)

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26
Q

Pulse rate is slowed ____ beats per minute and regular in this period

A

5-10

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27
Q

Respiration _____, BP tends to be _____

A

slows; low

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28
Q

Resting muscle potential _____

A

low

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29
Q

Presence of episodic involuntary body movements

A

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)

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30
Q

Penile erection is seldom

A

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)

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31
Q

Blood flow to tissues, including cerebral flow, is ________

A

reduced

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32
Q

Deepest portion of sleep are ______ (deepest part of NREM)

A

Stages 3 and 4

33
Q

Associated with unusual arousal characteristics

A

Stage 3 and 4

34
Q

Occurs within _______ after onset of sleep

A

30 mins to 1 hour

35
Q

When awakened at this stage, there will be:

A

Disorientation and disorganized thinking

36
Q

Disorganization during arousal may result in:

A
  1. Enuresis
  2. Somnambulism
  3. Nightmares, night terrors
37
Q

Involuntary urination

A

Enuresis

38
Q

Sleepwalking

A

Somnambulism

39
Q

Polygraphic measures show irregular patterns that are sometimes close to aroused waking patterns

A

Rapid eye movement (REM)

40
Q

REM is also termed ________ due to this pattern.

A

“Paradoxical sleep”

41
Q

Pulse and respiration rates higher than in NREM (and often also waking)

A

Rapid eye movement (REM)

42
Q

Increased blood pressure, brain oxygen, thermoregulation is altered

A

Rapid eye movement (REM)

43
Q

Ventilatory response to increased CO2 is _______

A

depressed

44
Q

Stroke or cardiac arrest usually happens in this stage

A

Rapid eye movement (REM)

45
Q

Sleep regulation occurs in _______

A

brain stem

46
Q

Destruction of _________ of the brain stem reduces sleep.

A

Dorsal raphe

47
Q

Prevention of synthesis will reduce sleep

A

Serotonin

48
Q

Serotonergic antidepressants for ________.

A

chronic insomnia

49
Q

Norepinephrine-containing neurons with cell bodies located in _________ play an important role in
controlling normal sleep pattern

A

locus ceruleus

50
Q

Involved in production of REM sleep

A

Acetycholine

51
Q

Disturbance in ___________ are associated with sleep changes in major depressive disorder

A

central cholinergic activity

52
Q

Has an alerting effect

A

Dopamine

53
Q

Drugs that increase dopamine levels in the brain produce ______ and _______.

A

arousal and wakefulness

54
Q

Dopamine-blockers produce _______.

A

Drowsiness

55
Q

marked disruptions of REM sleep

A

Depressed patients

56
Q

Shortened REM latency ___________

A

(60 minutes or less)

57
Q

Shift in REM distribution from last to first half of the night

A

Depressed patients

58
Q

Reduce REM sleep, hence it is beneficial to

give to depressed patients

A

Antidepressants

59
Q

increases REM sleep, produces depression

A

Reserpine

60
Q

Anti hypersentive drug, side effect on long term use

A

Reserpine

61
Q

Sleep disturbances characterized as reduced REM sleep and slow wave sleep

A

Dementia of Alzheimer’s type

62
Q

Loss of cholinergic neurons in the ________ has been implicated as the cause of these changes

A

Basal forebrain

63
Q

Secretion from the pineal gland is inhibited by light

A

Melatonin

64
Q

__________ of hypothalamus may act as anatomical site of circadian pacemaker that regulates melatonin secretion

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

65
Q

Old people may have only ______ of sleep

A

4-5 hours

66
Q

Symptom of some psychiatric disorders

A

Hypersomnia

67
Q

Good quality sleep must have both REM & NREM ______

A

(~3 hours)

68
Q

Prolonged periods of ______ may lead to hallucinations, ego disorganization, and delusions

A

sleep deprivation

69
Q

REM deprived patients may exhibit _____ & _____.

A

Irritability and lethargy

70
Q

Short sleepers

A

6 hours

71
Q

Long sleepers

A

9 hours

72
Q

efficient, ambitious, socially adept, content

A

Short sleepers

73
Q

more REM periods, may have vivid dreams

A

Long sleepers

74
Q

Tend to be mildly depressed, anxious, and socially withdrawn

A

Long sleepers

75
Q

The following affects sleep:

A
  1. Daytime activities
  2. State of the body
  3. Mental state
76
Q

Without external cues, body clock follows a _______ cycle

A

25-hour

77
Q

External factors influencing sleep-wake patterns

A

Dark and light cycle
Daily routine
Meal periods

78
Q

Sleep is influenced by biological rhythms

A

menstrual period

79
Q

benign sleep disorder, brain wakes earlier than body

A

Sleep paralysis

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