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(UTEP) Motor Learning and Control > Theories of Motor Control > Flashcards

Theories of Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

Main Theories of Motor Control

A
  • Reflex Theory
  • Hierarchical Theory
  • Generalized Motor Programs
  • Dynamic Systems
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2
Q

Reflex Theory

A
  • Reflexes are building blocks of complex behavior
  • Reflexes are located at the spinal level with no cerebral influence
  • Bottom –> up
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3
Q

The Central Pattern Generator

A
  • Neuronal networks within the spinal cord generate rhythmic activity (walking, stepping, grooming)
  • Hard-wired
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4
Q

Empirical Evidence of CPG

A
  • Spinal and decerebrate cat preparations
  • Babies initial stepping response
  • Spinal cord lesions in adult humans
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5
Q

Reflex Theory Implications

A
  • Should allow practitioners/ therapists to predict function
  • Movement behaviors interpreted in terms of the presence or absence of controlling reflexes
  • Focus on enhancing or reducing the effect of various reflexes during motor tasks
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6
Q

What are the possible limitations of reflex theory?

A
  • Does not explain action in the absence of feedback
  • Does not explain fast movements
  • Does not explain how one single stimulus results in varying responses
  • Does not explain ability to produce novel and combined movements
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7
Q

Hierarchical Theory

A
  • Lower reflexes are only present when higher cortical structures are damages
  • Organizational control of motor system is top –> down
  • Each higher center can modulate the one below, not bottom –> up control
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8
Q

Evidence for Hierarchical Theory

A
  • Development
  • Infants begin life with certain reflexes that disappear as they mature
  • Attributed to increasing corticalization of the CNS
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9
Q

Neuromaturational Theory

A

As we grow (6 months) all reflexes should disappear

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10
Q

Limitations of Hierarchical Theory

A
  • Theory minimizes musculoskeletal changes
  • Cannot explain bottom –> up control (reflexes)
  • Reflexes that govern lower control in adults are critical in postural control and adaptive location
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11
Q

Motor Program Theories

A
  • Generalized schemata of action which determines the sequence of specific actions
  • Cognitive structures responsible for skilled movements
  • A procedural memory comprised of the rules commanding muscular activity for producing specific skills
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12
Q

Evidence of Motor Programs through Deafferentation Studies

A

Movement patterns are still present in the absence of sensory feedback

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13
Q

Cognitive-Based Theories

A

Broad view:

  • Centrally located (CNS)
  • Hierarchical arrangement of elements
  • Heavily sensory feedback dependent at first
  • Sufficient to explain learning and control of movement skills
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14
Q

Information Processing Model

A
  • Describes cognitive processes associated with working of motor programs
  • Sensory info –> Perceptual stage –> Decision-making stage –> Programming stage –> Response output
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15
Q

Perceptual Stage

A
  • Sensory info flows in from external and internal environments
  • CNS selects the most important input sources
  • Difference between sensation and perception
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16
Q

Sensation vs Perception

A
  • Sensation: the process of sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell
  • Perception: the way we interpret these sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us
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17
Q

Decision-Making Stage

A

Decide on a course of action

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18
Q

Programming Stage

A
  • Preparing appropriate motor program to carry out the action
  • Appropriate motor program retrieved
  • Posture changes made
  • Timing of muscle activation prepared
  • Sensory systems oriented (focal vision)
  • Action initiated when appropriate
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19
Q

Closed-Loop Systems

A
  • Dependent on feedback
  • No action until feedback says so
  • Slow and deliberate movements
  • Corrections can be made as the movement progresses
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20
Q

Advantages of Closed-Loop Systems

A
  • Appropriate with performing unpracticed skills
  • Movements can be corrected while they are being made
  • More precise and accurate movements
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21
Q

Disadvantages of Closed-Loop Systems

A
  • Demands a lot of attention

- Too time consuming

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22
Q

Adams’ Closed-Loop Theory

A
  • Formation and strengthening of neural traces
  • Select and initiate desired action based on a memory trace
  • Evaluate correctness of action executed based on perceptual trace
23
Q

Specificity of Practice Hypothesis

A

The best learning experiences are those that most closely approximate the movement components and environmental conditions of the target skill and target context

24
Q

Problems with Adams’ Closed-Loop Theory

A
  • Novelty Problem

- Storage Problem

25
Q

Novelty Problem

A
  • How is a specific motor act performed for the first time?

- Since the memory trace does not exist yet, there is nothing to initiate the action

26
Q

Storage Problem

A

A specific neural tract would have to be stored for each unique scenario

27
Q

Schmidt’s Schema Theory

A
  • Motor programs are general in nature, more adaptable

- Generalized Motor Programs (GMP) have certain invariant and variant features

28
Q

Invariant Features of a GMP

A
  • Sequencing
  • Relative timing
  • Relative force
29
Q

Sequencing of a GMP

A

Program is written in the same sequence each time

30
Q

Relative Timing of a GMP

A

Time for each unique segment stays constant

31
Q

Relative Force of a GMP

A

EMG activity remains constant

32
Q

Variant Features of a GMP

A
  • Overall duration
  • Overall force
  • Muscle selection
33
Q

Overall Duration of a GMP

A

Time to complete the movement can be altered

34
Q

Overall Force of a GMP

A

We can increase or decrease the size of the movement

35
Q

Muscle Selection of a GMP

A

Different muscles can activate to accomplish a task

36
Q

Schema Learning

A
  • Post-response evaluation???
37
Q

Variability of Practice Hypothesis

A
  • Learning is the greatest when one performs the
    skill in a variety of ways and/or contexts rather
    than one way and/or one context
  • Greater information is available for abstracting relationships
  • Adapts GMP for different situations
38
Q

Open-Loop Systems

A
  • No monitoring of feedback
  • Motor program holds all information needed for execution of response
  • Motor programs are prestructured to a particular environmental condition through feedback
  • Feedforward, not feedback
39
Q

Advantages of Open-Loop Systems

A
  • Quicker movements (prestructured)

- Greater amount of attention available for other tasks

40
Q

Disadvantages of Open-Loop Systems

A
  • Not appropriate for unpracticed skills

- Not adaptable

41
Q

Motor Program Theories Limitations

A

Does not take into account that the nervous system must deal with both musculoskeletal and environmental variables in movement control

42
Q

Dynamic Systems Theory

A
  • Coordination of movement is the process of mastering the redundant degrees of freedom of the moving organism
  • A motor behavior’s stability is associated with a self-organizing system
  • Takes the influence of biomechanics and external forces into account
  • Synergies make possible almost the whole variety of movements
43
Q

Synergies

A
  • Organize task sharing among muscles

- Allow co-variation among muscles working together to accomplish a goal

44
Q

Principle of Abundance

A
  • Synergies increase the stability and flexibility of the motor system
  • A single task can be done with multiple commands
45
Q

5 Basic Assumptions of Dynamic Systems Theory

A
  • Self-Organization
  • Attractor states
  • Nonlinear changes
  • Control parameters
  • Order parameters
    (First 3 are the most important)
46
Q

Self-Organization

A

Individual parts naturally organize into an ordered pattern

47
Q

Attractor States

A

The preferred patterns of movement

48
Q

Nonlinear Changes

A

Changes (such as from a walk, to a jog, to a sprint) can be abrupt

49
Q

Control Parameters

A
  • Velocity
  • How new patterns emerge
  • Reciprocal extension/flexion of index fingers alternate at slow speeds but symmetrical at fast speeds
50
Q

Order Parameters

A

Changes in movement are difficult (unstable) or easy (stable)

51
Q

Implications of the Dynamic Systems Theory

A
  • Stresses the importance of understanding the body as a mechanical system
  • Not just the action of the nervous system but the nervous system as filtered by the body
  • Examination and intervention must focus not only on issues within individual systems, but the effect of the interaction among multiple systems
52
Q

Limitations of the Dynamic Systems Theory

A
  • Assumes the nervous system has a fairly unimportant role
  • Assumes that the relationship between the physical system of the animal and its external environment primarily determine behavior
53
Q

Neural Crosstalk

A
  • Makes it hard to do opposite movements with opposite limbs

(UTEP) Motor Learning and Control (7 decks)

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