Theories of motivation Flashcards
Motivation
The willingness of a person to expand energy and effort in doing a job or task.High levels of motivation result in increasing rates of productivity.
Motivation is what drives a person to apply individual effort over a period of time resulting in increasing rates of productivity.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivation theory that suggests employees have five fundamental needs which they strive to fulfil in a set order.
• representation of human needs in the form of a pyramid.
Physiological: Basic pay and conditions (food, water, air)
Safety: Job security and safe workplace (protection from physical and emotional harm)
Social needs: Strong relationships (Love, affection, sense of belonging)
Self-esteem: Respect and sense of accomplishment (recognition, attention, achievement)
Self-actualisation: Achieving full potential (personal growth, self fulfilment)
Levels of needs
Maslow stated the lower level would be a motivator until it was satisfied. (Physiological and safety & security)
Once the level was satisfied the employee will be motivated by the next level in the hierarchy.
Lower level is a motivating factor until it is satisfied.
How can a manager use Maslow’s
Managers can identify where employees are on the hierarchy and implement strategies to satisfy the level they are on
Managers must understand that employees will be on different levels in the hierarchy.
A variety of strategies must be implemented
Physiological
- Food, water
- Basic requirements for human survival, such as food, water and shelter
business application: Job, pay, income
Relevance to managing employees:
• Providing employees with a job
• Satisfying payment for job
Safety
- Security and protection
- The desires for protection from dangerous or threatening environment. (Security and protection)
business application: Pay, safe working conditions, OH&S, job security
Relevance to managing employees:
• Creating job security
• Insuring the employee has safe and healthy working conditions (OHS, bullying policies)
Social
- Love, affection, sense of belonging
- The desires for a sense of belonging and friendship among groups
business application: Teamwork, social activities - staff functions `
Relevance to managing employees:
• Friendly work associates
• Organise employee activities, E.g. birthday celebrations, meals, parties
self- esteem
- Respect and sense of accomplishment
- The desires to feel important, valuable and respected. Recognition and attention
business application: Recognition, delegation, empowerment
Relevance to managing employees:
• Job title and task responsibilities
• Merit rewards
• Prestigious workplace facilities
Self Actualisation
- Personal fulfilment, full potential
- The realisation of one’s full potential through creativity and personal growth
business application: opportunities for advancement, promotion
Relevance to managing employees:
• Challenging work allowing for creativity
• Participative decision-making
• Opportunities for personal growth
why is Maslow’s important
Maslow’s theory was important because it’s suggested that businesses have to create workplaces that attempt to motivate workers through pay rise or job security would only be satisfying lower order needs. Employees would not be fully motivated, they would become despondent, waiting for the day to finish and only doing it for the money.
Four drive theory (Lawrence & Nohria)
The four drive theory states that there are four basic motivational needs that drive people emotions and behaviours. The four drives are:
- Acquire
- Bond
- Learn
- Defend
The drive to acquire
Includes the desire to own material goods, and encompasses the desire for status, power and influence. This drive is based on the idea that people are ambitious which drives them to achieve. Rewards that fulfil the drive to acquire include:
• Bonuses for reaching performance goals
• Clear pathways for a promotion
• Raising wage
• Increase in range of responsibilities and tasks
The drive to Bond
Includes the strong need to form relationships with other individuals and groups. The desire to participate in social interactions and feel a sense of belonging. Activities that develop a social workplace include:
• Introducing recreational team bonding activities such as a sport today
• Allocating work projects to teams instead of individuals
• Celebrating employee birthdays
• Holding social events such as a company morning tea
The drive to learn
Include our desire to satisfy our curiosity, to learn new skills and to explore the world around us. It is our desire to gain knowledge, skills and experience. Activities that can develop employee knowledge include:
• Conducting internal and external training seminars and courses
• Pairing junior employees with a senior mental
• Allowing employees to regularly take on different types of tasks
The drive to defend
The desire to remove threats to our safety and security and to protect what we regard as ‘ours’. It is a desire to protect personal security as well as the values of the business. Methods to improve the connection between a business and its employees include:
• Having a clear vision that employees can agree with
• Developing policies using employee import
• Insuring that manages represent business values
• Developing trust by supporting and collaborating with employees