Theories of Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
Set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually towards a goal.
Instinct Theory
Motivations result from behaviors that are unlearned, uniform in expression, and universal in the species.
Helps explain behavioral similarities related to adaptations from our ancestral past.
Does not consider human cognitive capabilities. Humans have few, if any, true instincts.
Drive Reduction Theory
Hypothetical constructs reflect some internal state that orientates an organism to some goal. Based on the principle of homeostasis.
Explains our motivation to reduce arousal by meeting basic needs, such as hunger or thirst.
Too simple to explain complex and varied behaviors of humans. Does not explain why some motivated behaviors increase arousal.
Primary Drives
Induced by internal, biological needs.
Secondary Drives
Drives that are acquired by experience.
Sensation Seeking
Explains the apparent need for certain levels of stimulation, including the need to explore the environment and the need for sensory stimulation.
Optimum Arousal Theory
Too much arousal and action is frenzied and ineffective. Too little arousal and action is limited and therefore ineffective. Indicates that there may be an optimal amount of arousal.
Explains the motivated behaviors that may decrease or increase arousal.
Does not explain our motivation to address our more complex social needs.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
There is an optimal level of arousal that results in optimal performance. Easy tasks are performed better under conditions of higher arousal, while complex tasks require less arousal for optimal performance.
Incentive Theory
We are pulled into action by - positive or negative - our environment. Actions are directed toward the promise of a reward or punishment.
Based on well-established learning principles. Easily identifies external pulls on behavior.
Does not take internal stimuli into account, cannot explain behaviors that have no apparent external worth.
Self Control
The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification in exchange for long-term gratification.
Intrinsic Motivation
Perform a behavior for one’s own sake.
Extrinsic Motivation
Perform a behavior for a reward.
Rotter’s Expectancies
Whether or not we engage in a behavior depends on both the value of the goal and our belief in our ability to reach that goal.
Costs vs. Benefits
McCelland’s Need for Achievement
A psychosocial motive/desire to accomplish challenging goals, attain high standards, surpass the achievements of others, and increase self-regard by succeeding in exercising one’s talent.
Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance
Psychological discomfort that occurs whenever two related cognitions or behaviors conflict. Serves to motivate either behavior or (more likely) belief change.
