Theories of Learning and Development Flashcards
What’s the meaning of learning?
The cognitive and behavioral changes that result from experiences
What’s the meaning of theory?
A set of assumptions or principles that organise, analyse, predict, or explain specific events, behaviors or processes; they’re used to explain a particular phenomenon
Is there a difference between learning and development?
Learning: The process of acquiring knowledge, skills, or behaviors through study, experience, or instruction. Gaining new information and abilities leading to changes in behavior or understanding
Development: The process of growth & maturation that occurs over time. The physical, cognitive, emotional, social, and moral changes that individuals undergo throughout their lifespan
What is Jean Piaget’s theory?
His theory of cognitive development emphasized the importance of active exploration and hands-on experiences in the learning process. He believed that children construct knowledge through interactions with their environment, and educators should tailor teaching methods to align with the child’s developmental stage
What are the stages in Jean Piaget’s schema theory?
- Active learning
- Adaptation
- Assimilation
- Accommodation
- Equilibrium
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
- Preoperational stage (2 to 7 yrs)
- Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 yrs)
- Formal operational stage (12 and above)
What happens at the sensorimotor stage?
- Infants learn about the world through their senses
- They develop object permanence
- Language used for demands and cataloguing
What happens at the preoperational stage?
- Symbolic thinking
- Conservation is being developed
- Imagination and intuition are strong but complex abstract thoughts are still difficult
What happens at the concrete operational stage?
Time, space and quantity are understood and can be applied but not as independent concepts
What happens at the formal operational stage?
- They develop the ability to think abstractly and hypothetically, they can consider possibilities and abstract concepts
- Strategy and planning become possible
- Concepts learned in one context can be applied in another
Who is Lev Vygotsky?
A psychologist who emphasized the importance of social interactions, cultural context, and language in a child’s cognitive development. He believed that children learn best within the social environment
What is Lev Vygotsky’s ZPD concept? (Zone of Proximal Development)
The concept emphasizes the importance of providing appropriate levels of support and guidance to learners
What are the levels in Lev Vygotsky’s ZPD?
Most outer circle: Tasks that learner cannot do even with assistance
Outer circle: Tasks that learner can do with assistance
Centre circle: Tasks that learner can do without assistance
What was John Bowlby’s belief?
The bonds children formed with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. Attachment also keeps the infant close with its mother, increasing chances of survival
What are the four styles of attachment?
- Secure
- Anxious
- Avoidant
- Disorganised
What is the basic conflict for infancy in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Trust vs Mistrust
What is the basic conflict for early childhood in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
What is the basic conflict for play age in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Initiative vs Guilt
What is the basic conflict for school age in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Industry vs Inferiority
What is the basic conflict for adolescence in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Identity vs Confusion
What is the basic conflict for early adulthood in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Intimacy vs Isolation
What is the basic conflict for middle age in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Generativity vs Stagnation
What is the basic conflict for old age in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Integrity vs Despair
What is the virtue for infancy in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Hope
What is the virtue for early childhood in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Will
What is the virtue for play age` in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Purpose
What is the virtue for school age in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Competence
What is the virtue for adolescence in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Fidelity
What is the virtue for early adulthood in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Love
What is the virtue for middle age in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Care
What is the virtue for old age in Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory?
Wisdom
What are Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences?
- spatial
- naturalist
- musical
- bodily-kinesthetic
- linguistic
- intra-personal
- interpersonal
- logical-mathematical
What is spatial intelligence?
Visualising the world in 3D
What is naturalist intelligence?
Understanding living things and reading nature
What is musical intelligence?
Discerning sounds, pitch, tone, rhythm and timbre
What is bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?
Coordinating your mind with your body
What is linguistic intelligence?
Finding the right words to express what you mean
What is intrapersonal intelligence?
Understanding yourself, what you feel and what you want
What is interpersonal intelligence?
Sensing people’s feelings and motives
What is logical-mathematical intelligence?
Quantifying things, making hypotheses and proving them
What is Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?
How a child’s development is affected by their social relationships and the world around them
What are the stages in Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory?
- Microsystem
- Mesosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
- Chronosystem
Describe the first stage of the ecological theory
Microsystem: The one they have direct contact with: home, school, daycare or work. Typically includes, family, peers, or caregiver. Reactions to people in the microsystem affect how they treat you in return. The most influential level
Describe the second stage of the ecological theory
Mesosystem: Interactions between different parts of a person’s microsystem. Where a person’s individual microsystems do not function independently, but are interconnected and influence each other. They have an indirect impact on the individual
Describe the third stage of the ecological theory
Exosystem: A setting that affects the person despite being not being an active participant; this includes decisions that have bearing on them but had no involvement in the decision making process
Eg: Would a child be affected by a parent losing their job?
Describe the fourth stage of the ecological theory
Macrosystem: The culture in which individuals live & other systems that affect them. Can be +ve or -ve. Cultural contexts include developing and industrialized countries, socioeconomics, poverty and ethnicity
Describe the final stage of the ecological theory
Chronosystem: The environmental events that occur throughout a child’s life, including any socio historical events, major life transitions or historical events
