Theories of Human Development

Question 1

Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)

Answer 1

Transference Counter Transference is in this model.
Individual is viewed as the product of his past based on the concept of psychic determinism. Unresolved conflict is the basis for psychopatholigy. A fixation is a point in development where, for whatever reason, there is a failure to resolve a conflict. 3 levels of mental activity: unconscious, preconscious, conscious. Mechanisms of defense are unconscious and a function of ego. Normal vs abnormal. Developmental patterns of the individual. Social process.

Question 2

Stages of psychosexual development

Answer 2

Development occurs as a result of drive energy (libidinal or aggressive) which is invested in a different organ system at each stage: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.

Question 3

Treatment goal of Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 3

to resolve intrapsychic conflict; treatment involves dealing with the repressed material in the unconscious using; clarification, confrontation, interpretation, working through.

Question 4

Psychoanalytic Theory - Structural Theory

Answer 4

ID/birth: need gratifying, primary process thinking, unconscious discharge tension
Ego/5 mos age: mediator btw id and ego, between internal and external reality, Adaptive capacity in relation to external reality
Superego/5 years: seat of conscience, ego ideal, sense of right and wrong, uses internal and external rewards or punishments to control and regulate id impulse.

Question 5

Stages of Psychsexual Development (Freud)

Answer 5

1. Oral/0-18 mos., incorporative, identifies world thru mouth, libido centered in oral zone, dependency needs must be externally met.
2. Anal/18-36 mos, elimination and retention, holding on and letting go, Regulation of impulses begins, some self-control, conflict with parents, libido is anally centered.
3. Phallic(oedipal)/ 36 mos-6 years- Affection directed to parent of opposite sex, rivalry with same sex parent, fear of retaliation from same sex parent, libido invested in genital area.
4. Latency/6-11 yrs., Formal learning occurs, peer friendships develop, same sex peer relationships are primary, energy is invested in world outside of family and self.
5. Genital/puberty(11-15)/Adolescense (11-19)- Intense love now capable of sexualization, egotistic and altruistic, ambivalence toward parents and other adults. Energy is invested in self.

Question 6

Ego Psychology (Erikson)

Answer 6

Pro-Social Theory- Personality develops as a result of interaction wtih and mastery of the social environment with a progressive development throughout the life cycle. Looks at functioning of the ego in terms of reality testing, etc.

Question 7

Ego Psychology (Erikson)- Psycho-Social stages of development

Answer 7

1. Trust vs mistrust - 0-12 mos
2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt 18-36 mo
3. Initiative vs Guilt- 3-6 yrs
4. Industry vs Inferiority- 6-11 years
5. Identity vs Role confusion-11-18 yr
6. Intimacy vs Isolation- 19-30 yr
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation- 30-65 yr
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair- 65 + yr

Question 8

Ego Psychology - Mechanisms of Defense

Answer 8

automatic, involuntary, usually unconscious psychological activity by which human beings attempt to exclude unacceptable thoughts, urges, threats, impulses, etc because of fear of disapproval, punishment, or other negative outcomes.

Question 9

Ego Psychology - Major Mechanisms of Defense

Answer 9

Repression, Conversion, Denial, Displacement, Dissociation, idealization, identification, isolation of affect, projection, reaction formation, regression, splitting (borderline), devaluation (narcissistic)

Question 10

Ego Psychology - Treatment objective

Answer 10

Geared to enhancing the effective and efficient functioning of the ego in managing internal and external stress.

Question 11

Object Relations Theory (Mahler)

Answer 11

A development of a consolidated sense of “self” as the result of separation and individualtion of the self from the love object, usually the mother. 4 substages: attachment, separation individuation, and object constancy. Describes development from ages 0-3 years. Treatment geared to enhancing the self object differentiation.

Question 12

Cognitive Developmental Theory (Piaget)

Answer 12

mirrors psych/physical development
4 stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor (0-2 yr), Preoperational (2-7 yr), Concrete Operational (7-11 yr), and Formal Operations (11 + years). Completed around 11 + years.

Question 13

Piagets concepts

Answer 13

1. Intelligence: stable, predictable, systematic, orderly
2. Schemata: Action sequences and behavior patterns, organization and adaption
3. Assimilation: Tendency of an organism to draw the resources of the environment toward itself inward, the integration of external elements into the evolving structure of the organism.
4. Accomodation- tendency of an organism to adapt to the events of the environment.
5. Equilibrium: Steady state of cognitive processes which is maintained by a balance of assimilation and accommodation, a balance btw person and environment.

Question 14

Moral Developmental Theory (Kohlberg)

Answer 14

Moral reasoning does not have to parallel cognitive development in that one may never get beyond a low level of moral reasoning. Levels include: Stage 1/Preconventional, Stage 2/Conventional, Stage 3/Post conventional

Question 15

Stages of Death and Dying (Kubler-Ross)

Answer 15

DABDA

Denial, Anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance