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Sociology Paper 1 - Education > Theories of education > Flashcards

Theories of education Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 roles of education according to functionalists?

A

Social solidarity
Specialist skills
Secondary socialisation
Sifting and sorting

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2
Q

What is social solidarity according to functionalists?

A

Members of society feeling a sense of community and uniting individuals which prepares children for interactions within wider society

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3
Q

What is an example of functionalist social solidarity?

A

History learning about shared culture

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4
Q

What is a criticism of functionalist social solidarity?

A

Functionalists too rose tinted as schools fails pass on shared culture as there remains a dominant culture within society

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5
Q

What are specialist skills according to functionalists?

A

Education teaches specialist skills so that they can take part in a complex division of labour (modern society requires this to perform job roles)

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6
Q

Who is the main functionalist sociologist for social solidarity and specialist skills

A

Durkheim

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7
Q

What are some examples of functionalist specialist skills?

A

IT skills
Social/ communication
Problem solving

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8
Q

What is a criticism of functionalist specialist skills?

A

The Wolf review found that many children were doing courses that didn’t lead to higher education or good jobs

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9
Q

What is secondary socialisation according to functionalists?

A

Children are socialised into the idea that they can achieve anything based on ability and effort and that school mirrors wider society

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10
Q

Who is the functionalist sociologist for secondary socialisation?

A

Parsons

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11
Q

What is meritocracy?

A

We are taught that we can achieve status based on our own effort and ability

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12
Q

What are the 4 ways education is seen as fair to everyone according to functionalists?

A

School is free
All students take the same exams and receive the same qualifications
National curriculum
Same criteria for grades

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13
Q

What is a criticism of functionalist secondary socialisation?

A

Bowles and Gintis- myth of meritocracy that wealthy children have more opportunities

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14
Q

What is ‘the bridge’ according to functionalists?

A

Education acts as a bridge between home standards and universal standards showing that we are all the same (Parsons)

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15
Q

What is a criticism of the functionalist explanation of the bridge?

A

New Right- System is failing to help this transition as too many young people are on benefits

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16
Q

What is sifting and sorting according to functionalists?

A

Education sorts people into different abilities to put them onto the career paths that they are suited to (role allocation)

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17
Q

Who is the functionalist theorist for sifting and sorting?

A

Davis and Moore

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18
Q

What is a criticism of the functionalist explanation of sifting and sorting?

A

Policies such as expensive university fees may deter talented WC children meaning that they can’t get the jobs that they are suited to

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19
Q

What does neoliberalism say?

A

The state should not intervene and should allow more freedom- encourage competition

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20
Q

What are the 2 main New Right beliefs of the role of education?

A

Socialisation
Skills

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21
Q

What is socialisation according to the New Right?

A

Education should pass on the shared national culture so traditions are maintained

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22
Q

What is skills according to the New Right?

A

Give us skills so families are self reliant
Eg. Men should be primary earners equipped by education

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23
Q

What are the 3 functions that the New Right think education is not performing?

A

The effects of state control
One size fits all
Lower standards

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24
Q

What do the New Right believe about the effects of state control?

A

State control of education has resulted in a lack of business initiative and schools aren’t trying hard enough and standards are slipping resulting in a dependency culture as the pupils don’t have the right skills

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25
Q

What is a functionalist criticism of the effects of state control?

A

Functionalists believe that the state can run an efficient education system

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26
Q

What do the New Right believe about one size fits all?

A

The state cannot meet peoples individual and community needs or the need for motivated employees
Eg. National curriculum doesn’t teach individual skills

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27
Q

What is an evaluation of one size fits all?

A

Postmodernists support as one curriculum doesn’t meet individual and company needs as the economy has changed

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28
Q

What do the New Right say about lower standards?

A

State-run schools cannot choose who attends as they have to answer to local authorities which results in a less qualified workforce- benefits

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29
Q

What is a criticism of lower standards?

A

Low standards are sometimes the result of inadequate funding rather than state control

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30
Q

What 3 New Right solutions are there?

A

Competition eg.OFSTED
Shared culture
Parentocracy

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31
Q

What did Chubb and Moes study find?

A

Those who go to private school generally perform 5% better as they answer to their consumers

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32
Q

What kind of sociologists are Chubb and Moe?

A

New Right

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33
Q

What is marketisation?

A

Giving the consumer choice and competition between schools and the state

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34
Q

What is the voucher system?

A

Putting the control in the hands of parents which would attract consumers to by letting them buy education of what they want to meet demands of parents in order to survive

35
Q

What is a Marxist criticism of Chubb and Moes study?

A

Gerwitz- competition between schools benefits the middle class as they can get into more desirable schools

36
Q

What is capitalism?

A

Economic system based on private ownership of business?

37
Q

What are the bourgeoisie?

A

The owners of the means of production, the small elite at the top of the capitalist economy

38
Q

What is the proletariat?

A

The working class sell their labour as they are poor

39
Q

What is ideology?

A

A set of values and ideas

40
Q

How does the bourgeoisie use ideology?

A

To brainwash and control society to exploit and control the WC (ideological state apparatus)

41
Q

What is a repressive state apparatus?

A

Anything that controls society through force
Eg. Police, judges

42
Q

What is false class consciousness and how is this caused?

A

Caused by ideological state apparatus
The proletariat are unaware of their exploitation

43
Q

What is exploitation?

A

To benefit unfairly from the work of someone, typically overworking and underpaying them

44
Q

What is communism?

A

Where the state owns everything and wealth is divided equally among citizens- no hierarchy

45
Q

What are the 4 Marxist theories of education?

A

Social control
Specialist skills
Secondary socialisation
Sifting and sorting

46
Q

Who is the Marxist theorist for social control?

A

Althusser

47
Q

What do Marxists say about social control?

A

Ideological state apparatus causes false class consciousness and they do not rebel against capitalism as they are controlled
Done through hidden curriculum

48
Q

What is the hidden curriculum?

A

Underlying things taught through the education system that is useful within wider society

49
Q

What is an example of the hidden curriculum?

A

School hierarchy- must respect those above them like teachers

50
Q

What is the functionalist criticism for Marxist social control?

A

Learning things like respecting the hierarchy is good for society because it encourages people to work harder and achieve status

51
Q

What is the Marxist view of specialist skills?

A

The correspondence principle

52
Q

Who are the theorists for the correspondence principle?

A

Bowles and Gintis

53
Q

What is the correspondence principle?

A

School mirrors the workplace which supports the ruling class and keeps the working class passive and docile

54
Q

What are some examples of the correspondence principle?

A

Hierarchy
External rewards
Competition
Dress code

55
Q

What is a criticism of the Marxist correspondence principle?

A

Postmodernists- now irrelevant as the economy is now more technology based so school teachers to be active creative and flexible

56
Q

What is secondary socialisation according to Marxists?

A

Education passes on capitalist norms and values which justifies class inequality

57
Q

Who is the Marxist theorist for secondary socialisation?

A

Bowles and Gintis

58
Q

What is an example of capitalist values taught in education?

A

Pupils are taught everyone achieves based on ability and effort

59
Q

What is a criticism of Marxist secondary socialisation?

A

WC students don’t always accept the capitalist society (Willis’ study)

60
Q

What is the myth of meritocracy?

A

Success is not based on hard work but based on class background which persuades workers to accept their place

61
Q

What is a criticism for the myth of meritocracy?

A

Functionalists- pupils have equal chances to succeed as they can all go to university and education is free

62
Q

Who is the Marxist theorist for sifting and sorting?

A

Bowles and Gintis

63
Q

What do Marxists believe about sifting and sorting?

A

People are allocated into roles based on their class and that obedient pupils who conform to expectations got the best grades

64
Q

What is a criticism for Marxist sifting and sorting?

A

WC students are able to get loans and grant to help them access university and the bestselling jobs

65
Q

Who is the Marxist theorist for anti-school subcultures?

A

Willis

66
Q

What did Willis’ study find about anti-school subcultures?

A

Some WC boys didn’t accept the hidden curriculum and rebelled against it by disrupting classes and smoking

67
Q

What is a criticism of Willis’ study?

A

He romanticises the lads seeing them as heroes despite their anti-social behaviour

68
Q

What kind of jobs did the boys in Willis’ study end up doing?

A

Manual roles that were low paid- class inequality

69
Q

What do feminists believe are the 4 roles of education?

A

Social control
Secondary socialisation
Specialist skills
Sifting and sorting

70
Q

What do feminists think about social control?

A

Education reinforces patriarchy and controls women through subject choices, male gaze and sexual double standards

71
Q

What is the male gaze?

A

Women are seen as sexual objects for the pleasure of male views

72
Q

What are sexual double standards?

A

Where boys and girls are treated differently based on their standards

73
Q

What is the glass ceiling?

A

An invisible barrier which women face preventing them from getting good jobs

74
Q

What is a criticism of the feminist view of social control?

A

Functionalists- boys and girls do different subjects as they are naturally suited to it
Eg. girls in childcare roles

75
Q

What do feminists say about secondary socialisation?

A

Education socialised boys and girls into different gender identities

76
Q

How are women socialised within the education system according to feminists?

A

Passive and communicative

77
Q

How are boys socialised within the education system according to feminists?

A

Encouraged to take prestigious subjects to get the best jobs which reinforces patriarchy

78
Q

What do feminists say about specialist skills?

A

Boys- instrumental role (main earners)
Girls- expressive role with childcare and domestic work from doing subjects like health and social care

79
Q

What is a criticism for the feminist view of secondary socialisation?

A

Marxists- ignores conflict class which socialises pupils into values of capitalism

80
Q

What is a criticism of the feminist view of specialist skills?

A

Postmodernists- outdated as boys and girls are now equal and can learn whatever they want as an individual

81
Q

What is the feminist view on sifting and sorting?

A

Prepared boys and girls for different roles where they accept the patriarchy through subjects and the hidden curriculum

82
Q

What kind of subject are boys and girls encouraged to choose?

A

Girls- English drama
Boys- maths and science

83
Q

What is a criticism of the feminist view of sifting and sorting?

A

Girls now outperform boys and are more likely to go into higher education and things such as GIST and WISE

84
Q

What do postmodernists believe about the role of education?

A

Education is diverse and customised to the individual and they continuously update their skills

Sociology Paper 1 - Education (6 decks)

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