Differential achievement Flashcards
1
Q
What is the trend for social class differences in achievement?
A
Children from WC backgrounds are more likely to achieve
2
Q
What are the 4 social class external material factors?
A
Housing
Diet and Health
Finances
Fear of debt
3
Q
What are the 3 social class cultural external factors?
A
Parental interest
Attitudes and values
Language
4
Q
What are the 4 social class internal factors?
A
Labelling
Setting and streaming
Subcultures
Marketisation policies
5
Q
What are the 4 marketisation policies?
A
A-C economy
Educational triage
Cream skimming
Silt shifting
6
Q
What is material deprivation?
A
lacking the physical necessities of life
eg. housing
7
Q
How can poor housing affect achievement? (4 ways)
A
Inadequate space to do homework
Overcrowding finding it hard to concentrate
Poor living conditions may cause illness and affect attendance
Sleep being affected
8
Q
What is a criticism of poor housing affecting achievement?
A
Schools can help by giving them a quiet space to study
9
Q
How can diet and health affect achievement?
A
Poorer families can’t afford good foods with vitamins that give them energy and weakens the immune system
10
Q
Who is the theorist for diet and health causing differential achievement?
A
Howard
11
Q
What does Wilkinson say about diet and health?
A
Children from poor homes often face behavioural problems and hyperactivity
12
Q
What is a criticism of diet and health affecting differential achievement?
A
Schools can now provide free school meals to help with these problems
13
Q
How can finances affect achievement?
A
The Wc can’t afford educational necessities such as books and computers
Hand me downs may lead to bullying
Can’t afford uniform or transport
14
Q
Who are the theorists for finances affecting children achievement?
A
Bernsteing and Young
Tanner
15
Q
What is a criticism of finances affecting differential achievement?
A
Bursary funding
Pupil premium
16
Q
What is the theory for fear of debt affecting achievement?
A
WC are more likely to apply for local universities to save on finances by living at home
17
Q
Who is the theorist for fear of debt affecting achievement?
A
Reay
18
Q
What is a criticism for fear of debt affecting achievement?
A
Scholarships and hardship funds
19
Q
What is cultural deprivation?
A
Lacking the right norms and values for educational success
20
Q
Who is the theorist for parental interest?
A
Douglas
21
Q
How does parental interest affect achievement?
A
Wc parents lack parental interest as they didn’t have have good experiences in school themselves
They don’t discuss their childrens progress and don’t encourage then to stay in school after minimum leaving age
22
Q
What is a criticism of parental interest?
A
WC parents may have work shifts so cannot attend parents evenings
Show an interest at home
WC parents feel uncomfortable in an MC school environment
23
Q
How do attitudes and values affect achievement?
A
MC and WC have different attitudes due to planning on what what they want to do in the future and not planning which lands people in manual jobs
24
Q
Who is the theorist for attitudes and values affecting achievement?
A
Sugarman
25
What is deferred gratification?
When the MC plan what they are going to do in the future
26
What is immediate gratification?
Thinking about what you only have to do to succeed in the moment
27
Who is the theorist for speech codes?
Bernstein
28
Which speech code do the MC use?
elaborated code
29
Which speech code do the WC use?
restricted code
30
What is restricted code?
Short, grammatically simple, unfinished sentences
31
What is elaborated code?
Details, explanations, spells out relationships
32
What type of speech code is used in the education system and what does it mean?
Elaborated which means the MC overachieve and the WC can't get the skills needed for educational success
33
What is a criticism of speech codes?
He only studied 2 boys so the small sample cannot be generalised about all children- not representative
34
What did Bernstein find in his research?
Two 5 year old boys given pictures and the MC was able to analyse objects
35
What did Hubbs Tait et al find about linguistic development?
When parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate understanding their cognitive performance improves
36
What did Feinstein find about linguistic development?
Educated families use language in the same way and praise more which encourages children to develop a sense of their own competence
37
What is a criticism of linguistic development?
Educational underachievement is most likely not due to language but schools attitude as teachers have speech hierarchy
38
What does Feinstein say about parents education?
Parents education has an affect on children achievement through how they are socialised
39
What are examples of MC parenting?
Discipline and high expectations
40
What are examples of WC parenting?
Harsh and inconsistent- cannot learn independence
41
What is a criticism of parents education having an affect on children education?
Compensatory education programmes which help the culturally deprived by helping them to improve their skills, values and attitudes needed for educational success
eg. Sure start
42
What is cultural capital?
Knowledge, attitudes and values, abilities in the MC that can be exchanged for educational success
43
What two factors contribute to educational achievement? (cultural capital)
Material and cultural as they are interrelated
44
What is an example of the MC having economic capital?
Afford to send their child to private school and pay for tutoring
45
What is the equation for cultural capital?
Economic + cultural = educational success
46
What is the criticism for cultural capital?
Keddie- cultural deprivation is a myth and sees it as victim blaming as the WC just have different cultural values and aren't deprived
Disadvantaged as education system is dominated by MC values
47
What are the 7 in school factors for class being a factor in educational achievement?
Labelling
Setting and streaming
Subcultures
Marketisation policies
A-C economy and educational triage
Competition and selection
48
Who are the 3 theorists for labelling class affecting educational achievement?
Becker
Hempel-Jorgensen
Rosenthal and Jacobson
49
What did Beckers study say about labelling and class in education?
Interviewed 60 teachers to find what is the 'ideal pupil' which was students from non-manual backgrounds (MC) and the WC furthest from it
50
What did Hempel-Jorgensen study say about labelling and class in education?
Two English primary schools
Teachers have different opinions of the ideas pupil
WC primary school- discipline problem and ideal pupil was quiet, passive and obedient
MC primary school- behaviour not an issue and ideal pupil defined by personality and academic ability
51
What did Rosenthal and Jacobsons study say about labelling and class in education?
Tested for IQ
Informed teacher 20% were 'sputters' which would show rapid intellectual growth even if they weren't the most able and after being re-tested they showed greater gains for being labelled as spurters
Teachers expectations can affect pupils performance
52
In Rosenthal and Jacobsons study, how did teachers treat the spurters?
Teachers manners, facial expressions which produced a self fulfilling prophecy
53
What is a criticism of labelling affecting educational achievement?
Fuller- not everyone accepts the label
She studied Black girls who resisted their negative label and studied to be successful and prove teachers wrong
54
Who is the theorist for setting and streaming for class?
Ball
55
What did Ball study? (setting and streaming)
Comprehensive school where students were placed in 3 bands based on information from primary schools
56
What were the different bands that Ball found in schools?
First band- most able (hardworking)
Band 2- hardest to teach and least cooperative (more absences and homework rare)
Third band- least able (troublesome- WC= more disadvantaged)
57
What did Ball find in his study?
Non- academic factors were used to band pupils for example those whose fathers were non manual workers
58
How did teacher expectations have an impact on Balls study?
Bands were taught differently and encouraged to follow different paths
59
What did Douglas find about setting and streaming?
Those placed in lower streams suffered a decline in their IQ and higher increased IQ
MC seen as ideal students as their positive self concepts so improves achievements
60
What is a criticism of setting and streaming?
Schools no longer set people based on their fathers occupation
61
What are pupil subcultures?
Pupils of similar values and behaviour patterns that emerge as a response to the way pupil have been labelled and a reaction to streaming
62
What 2 types of subcultures are there?
Pro school
Anti school
63
Who are the theorists for subcultures?
Lacey
Willis
64
What does Lacey say about subcultures?
Differentiation and polarisation are how they are formed
65
What is differentiation?
Teachers categorising pupils according to perceived ability eg.streaming
66
What is polarisation?
Pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite 'poles' or extremes
67
What did Willis include in his study?
Used group interviews and non-participant observation to find the perspective of 12 WC's boys experiences of education
68
What did Willis' study find about subcultures?
Boys known as 'the lads' who were in an anti-school subulture which mean they shared negative attitudes towards school
69
What did the lads do in their subculture?
Looked down on other pupils
Didn't attend lessons and did little work (had a laugh)
Smoking drinking and not wearing uniform correctly
Little interest in work or gaining qualifications
Rejected authority
Racist and sexist
70
What did 'the lads' subculture prepare them for?
Manual jobs that capitalism needed to fill meaning that they will be exploited
71
What is a criticism on Willis' study?
Small sample size and not big enough to generalise with most WC students
72
What are Marketisation policies?
Policies that have created competition between schools
73
What do marketisation policies do for the WC and MC?
MC students are seen as more desirable and achieve better exam results
WC students are seen as a 'liability' that are barriers to efforts by schools to climb league tables
74
What do marketisation policies do for schools?
Schools that are oversubscribed are unlikely to select WC students
75
What does Gillborn and Youdell say about streaming and the A-C economy?
The schools are ranked according to its exam performance and this attracts pupils and funding (league tables)
76
What is the A-C economy?
They focus their time, effort and resources on pupils seen as having the potential to achieve 5 grade C's as this will improve overall performance as teachers don't have all time they focus on MC as they are seen as having potential
77
What is educational triage?
Pupils are categorised into 3 types and receive extra help, resources and support and WC are seen as hopeless cases meaning they are doomed to fail
78
What does competition and selection mean?
Less popular schools take the less able students making them even more unpopular due to their low table position which has created class segregation between schools
79
What does Bartlett sat about marketisation?
Marketisation leads to popular schools cream skimming and silt shifting
80
What is cream skimming?
Selecting higher ability pupils who cost less to teach
81
What is silt shifting?
Off load pupils with learning difficulties who are expensive to teach
82
What are selective schools?
Schools that sit entrance exams which makes it harder for WC pupils to attend the school and the best performing schools enrolled the most talented pupils
83
What are the 4 out of school factors for gender differences in achievement?
The impact of feminism
Changes in the family
Changes in women employment
Changes in ambitions
84
What are the 5 in school factors for gender differences in achievement?
Equal opportunities policies
Positive role models
GCSE and Coursework
Teacher interactions
Challenging stereotypes in the curriculum
85
What was McRobbies study about?
She compared Magazines in the 1970s and 1990s
86
What did McRobbies study find out?
Feminism changed the stereotypes of women roles and raised expectations and in 1970 women wanted the traditional housewife role and getting married where in 1990 they emphasised career and independence
87
What is a criticism of McRobbies study?
Full equality has not yet been achieved
Girls have better exam results but are less likely to get the top jobs due to the patriarchy
88
What are the 3 major changes in the family in the past 30 years?
Increase in divorce rates
Increase in cohabitation
Increase in female headed lone parent families
89
How do changes in the family impact education?
Changes girls attitudes and creates a financially independent career minded role model for girls
eg. increase female headed lone parent families mean women need to take on the major income earner role
90
What is a criticism of changes in the family impacting education?
Most people still aspire to form a traditional nuclear family and live in one for some part of our childhoods which undermines the explanations importance
91
How has changes in women employment impacted girls education?
More women are in employment and are breaking through the 'glass ceiling' to high professional jobs which make girls take education seriously
92
What is the 'glass ceiling'?
An invisible barrier which means women can't get the the top jobs
93
What is a criticism of women changes in employment?
Most top jobs are still dominated by men
eg. MPS's and CEO's meaning women haven't properly broken through the glass ceiling
94
How have changing ambitions had an impact on education?
Sue Sharpe- women now want careers and don't want to be dependent on their husbands
95
What theorist supports Sue Sharpes study on changing ambitions?
O'Conner- studied 14-17 yr olds and found that marriage and children were not a major part of their life plans
96
What is a criticism of changing ambitions?
Not all females have the same opportunities to have an independent career and there are class differences in how far girls ambitions have changed and some Wc girls continue to have gender stereotyped aspirations
97
What do equal opportunities policies do for educational achievement for girls?
Boys and girls have the same opportunities and policies such as GIST and WISE encourage girls into non traditional careers
National curriculum has also done this
Marketisation policies- made female pupils more desirable for top performing schools and achieve better
98
What is GIST and WISE?
Girls into Science and Technology
Women into Science and Engineering
99
What is a criticism of equal opportunities policies?
The policies only have limited effect and there are still huge differences in the number of girls and boys taking sciences
100
What do positive role models do for education?
The proportion of female teachers and head teachers has increased meaning that girls have role models if women in positions of power and authority which encourages them to overachieve
101
What is a criticism of positive role models?
When women get leadership positions in schools it is often in 'feminine' areas which reinforces stereotypes rather than challenge them
Eg. pastoral care
102
How does GCSE and coursework help girls educational achievement?
The way students are examined favour girls
Coursework- girls more successful as they are better organised, meet deadlines more, take care on presentation, spend time on work
103
What is a criticism of GCSE and coursework advantaging girls?
Exams have more impact on the final grade and coursework only has a limited effect and shows girls are actually underachieving
104
How do teacher interactions impact girls educational achievement?
Teachers respond more positively to girls than boys because girls are co-operative and boys disruptive which can lead to a self fulfilling prophecy where positive interactions raise girls self esteem and achievement
105
What did Abrahams research find about teacher interactions?
Teachers see boys as more badly behaved than girls so now expect bad behaviour
106
What did Francis research find about teacher interactions?
Boys get more attention and disciplined more harshly and picked on by teachers who tended to have lower expectations
107
How have challenging stereotypes in the curriculum affect girls achievement?
Removing gender stereotypes in textbooks has removed the barrier for girls achievements to show what girls are capable of
108
What does Weiner say about challenging stereotypes in the curriculum?
Teachers have challenged gender stereotypes
109
What is a criticism of challenging stereotypes in the curriculum?
Radical feminists- education is patriarchal
Eg. sexual harassment of girls in schools
education limits subject choices and careers
110
Who is the theorist for boys underperforming?
Mitsos and Browne
111
What are the 3 out of school factors for why boys underperform?
Boys poor literacy skills
Decline in traditional male jobs
Unrealistic expectations
112
What are the 3 in school factors for why boys underperform?
Feminisation of education
Teacher interactions
Laddish subcultures
113
How do boys poor literacy skills make them underperform?
Girls spend more leisure time in ways that contribute to educational achievements
114
What does Mitsos and Browne say about boys poor literacy skills?
Women more likely to read than men and girls have same sex role models (mothers) to encourage them to read
115
What is a criticism on boys poor literacy skills?
Schemes have been introduced by government to tackle this problem such as Fathers and Sons reading campaign
116
What does globalisation and the decline of traditional male jobs say about boys underperforming?
Decline in heavy industries such as mining and engineering due to globalisation of the economy which means manufacturing industry has relocated to developing countries
117
What does globalisation do to boys and the decline of male jobs?
Lack motivation due to employment opportunities which has led to a crisis of masculinities
118
What is a criticism of globalisation and the decline of traditional male jobs?
The decline has been in WC jobs and many of them are unskilled and the disappearance of jobs will not have an impact on boys' motivation to gain qualifications
119
How do unrealistic aspirations have an impact of boys educational performance?
Boys are often surprised when they fail exams and tend to put failure down to back luck rather than lack of effort
120
What did Francis say about unrealistic aspirations for the underachievement of boys?
Boys have unrealistic career aspirations that require few formal qualifications and girls tend to require academic effort for their jobs so commit to schoolwork
Eg. professional footballer
121
What is a criticism of unrealistic aspirations impacting boys?
Girls also have unrealistic aspirations today
122
How has the feminisation of education impacted boys performances?
Schools have feminine traits such as methodical working and attentiveness
123
What does Sewell say about the feminisation of education?
Coursework should be replaced with final exams and an emphasis on outdoor adventure in the curriculum which would advantage boys
124
What is a criticism of the feminisation of education?
Action has been taken to tackle this problem like controlled assessment to reduce advantages girls have
125
How has teacher interactions impacted boys performances?
Negative labelling undermines boys confidence and interest and teachers are less strict with boys, expecting a lower standard of work failing to push them to their potential
Low motivation= low achievement
126
How has laddish subcultures impacted boys performances?
'Macho lads' is a subculture that is hostile to authority and learning like in Willis' study and physical work was essential to the development of a sense of identity and boys went for unemployment
127
Who is the theorist for laddish subcultures?
Mac an Ghaill
128
What is a criticism for laddish subcultures?
Willis studied a small sample size meaning it lacks representativeness
129
What are the 3 out of school factors for ethnic differences?
Cultural deprivation
Material deprivation
Racism in wider society
130
What are the 5 in school factors for ethnic differences?
Racialised expectations
Pupil identities
Ethnocentric curriculum
Institutionalised racism
Marketisation policies and selection
Labelling: Assessment game and new IQ'ism
131
How does family structure have an impact on ethnic achievement? (cultural deprivation)
Moynihan (new right)- many black families are headed by a lone mother and miss out on a same sex role model and black children fail and become inadequate parents
132
What is a criticism of family structure? (ethnicity)
Ethnocentrism- viewing other cultures as inferior because they are different and distract from failings in education
133
How does lack of parental support have an impact on ethnic achievement?
Black families lack fatherly 'tough love' and boys have behavioural difficulties and street gangs offer perverse loyalty and love
134
Who is the theorist for lack of parental support in ethnicity?
Sewell
135
How are black children influenced to be uninterested in education? (lack of parental support)
Media which shows anti-school black masculinity through raps videos and they feel pressure to conform
136
What is a criticism of lack of parental support impacting ethnic differences?
Gillborn- not peer pressure but institutional racism that fails a large number of black boys
137
How does attitudes and values have an impact on ethnic achievement? (cultural deprivation)
Black families- not socialised into mainstream culture for a fatalistic 'live for today' attitude
Asian- high aspirations and have an 'Asian work ethic' and families have a similar model that operates in schools
138
What is an example of how Asian families are operating like schools? (cultural deprivation)
Respectful behaviour
139
Who is the theorist for an asian work ethic in attitudes and values?
Driver and Ballards
140
Who is the theorist for an asian families operating like schools in attitudes and values?
Lupton
141
What is a criticism of attitudes and values for ethnic achievement?
Doesn't explain Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils performing below average at GCSE
142
How do intellectual and linguistic skills have an impact on Asians' achievement?
Don't speak English at home so are held back educationally and fluency in English was a significant problem
143
What is a criticism of intellectual and linguistic skills impacting Asians' achievement?
men are more fluent in English and women were not fluent
Not a major factor having English as a 2nd language
144
How do intellectual and linguistic skills have an impact on black childrens achievement?
Language spoken by low income black families as inadequate for educational success (restricted code)
Lack stimulation and no reasoning and problem solving
145
Who is the theorist for black children and their linguistic skills affecting their achievement?
Berieter and Engelmann
146
How does racism in wider society have an impact on ethinic achievement?
Racism makes ethnic minorities live in poverty and have the lowest paid jobs
147
What did Wood et al's study say about ethnic achievement?
Three closely matched job applications stereotypical and more white applications got through and EM face unemployment and low pay which has negative affects on their children educational achievement and motivation
148
What is a criticism of of racism in wider society?
Equal opportunities legislation
149
How do racialised expectations impact ethnic achievement?
Teachers hold racialised expectations which affects how they treat pupils leading to inequality
150
Who are the theorists for racialised expectations?
Mac an Ghaill
Gillborn and Youdell
151
What do Gillborn and Youdell say about racialised expectations?
EM seen to have more discipline problems, threatening and challenge to authority and are underestimated (A-C economy)
Educational triage- denied access to sets, groups and exams that give them the best chance of success
152
What is a criticism of racialised expectations?
Fuller- Proved teachers wrong and succeed without teachers help
153
Who is the theorist for pupil identities?
Archer
154
What did Archer say about pupil identities?
EM seen as less ideal
Ideal pupil
Pathologised pupil identities
Demonised pupil identities
155
What is the ideal pupil for ethnic differences?
White
MC with natural talent and work ethic
156
What is the pathologised pupil for ethnic differences?
Asian, feminised seen as conformist who succeed through hard work not talent
157
What is the demonised pupil for ethnic differences?
Black or white
WC unintelligent and culturally deprived
158
What type of pupil are the EM?
Pathologised and demonised
159
Who is the theorist for pupil responses and subcultures? (ethnicity)
Sewell
160
What are the 4 ways EM students are negatively labelled? (pupil responses and subcultures)
The rebels
The conformists
The retreatists
The innovators
161
What are characteristics of the rebels? (ethnicity)
Black pupils who rejected goals and rules of school conforming to the 'black macho lads'
162
What are characteristics of the conformists? (ethnicity)
Largest group who were boys keen to succeed, accepted schools goals and anxious to avoid being stereotyped - no subculture
163
What are characteristics of the retreatists? (ethnicity)
Minority of isolated individuals disconnected from school and black subcultures
164
What are characteristics of the innovators? (ethnicity)
Pro education but anti school who valued success but didn't seek approval of teachers and distanced themselves
165
What did Sewell say about pupil responses and subcultures? (ethnicity)
Only a small minority fit the stereotype of 'black macho lads' and teachers see all black boys this way
166
What is a criticism of pupil responses and subcultures affecting ethnic achievement?
The role of peer groups and lack of a father figure are more important in producing underachievement
167
How does institutional racism affect ethnic achievement?
Not individual but the workings of the school are racist with prejudiced views and the internal workings reinforce inequality
168
Who is the theorist for an example of institutional racism affecting ethnic achievement?
Hatcher- Schools placed low priority on dealing with race issues and didn't tackle against racist bullying
169
What is a criticism of institutional racism affecting ethnic achievement?
Smith and Tomlinson- schools are tolerant of all ethnic groups with a lack of antagonism between students
170
How do marketisation policies have an impact on ethnic achievement?
Gillborn and Youdell- Negative stereotypes influence decisions due to racism
171
What is open enrolment?
Parents can apply to any school they would like their child to attend even if it isn't local
172
What is the assessment game? (ethnicity)
When black students start to achieve on a par with white students, they change the rules of the assessment so those black achieving higher are ranked as underachievers
173
What does Sanders and Horn say about the assessment game?
Black children tend to do worse in exams that are marked by the teachers
174
What is new IQ'ism?
Teachers decide who is in higher sets and teachers make false assumptions of their potential and teachers close off opportunities to students
175
What is a criticism of new IQ'ism?
Gillborn- tests only show what can be done now and not what is possible in the future
176
What is the ethnocentric curriculum?
The curriculum gives priority to white culture which can lead to lower self esteem for EM students as they are European taught languages which they don't know
177
What is a criticism of the ethnocentric curriculum?
Asian, Indian and Chinese students achievement is still above average and schools are now multi cultural
178
What are 3 examples of the ethnocentric curriculum?
English literature
History
Languages
179
What are the 3 ways class and subject choice crosses over?
The status of vocational courses
Teacher labelling
Cultural attitudes of parents
180
What are vocational courses?
Vocational courses prepares pupils for a particular work role but they often have a lower status which leads to lower paid jobs- passive and docile workers (WC)
181
What is a criticism of vocational courses?
T levels have begun to raise the status of vocational education and has beneficial effects for the economy
182
Who is the theorist for cultural attitudes of parents?
Sugarman
183
What are the 4 ways gender and subject choice link?
Gender role socialisation and gender domains
Gender subjected images
Peer pressure
Gendered career opportunities
184
How does gender socialisation affect subject choice?
Socialisation leads to different tastes in reading
Eg. boys- hobby books which develops interest in sciences
girls- stories about people= English
185
Who is the theorist for gender socialisation affecting subject choice?
Murphy and Elwood
186
What is a gender domain?
Territory of each gender
Eg. mending a car is for men
looking after sick children is for women
187
How do gendered subject images impact gender and subject choice?
Science teachers are often male but single sex schools hold less stereotypical subject images
188
What does Colley say about gender and subject choice?
Computer studies seen as masculine because it involves working with machines
189
What does Leonard say about gender and subject choice?
Girls in girls schools were more likely to take maths and science
190
How does peer pressure affect gender and subject choice?
They may be negatively labelled or bullied if a boy chooses a feminine subject
Eg. 'butch or gay'
191
Who is the theorist for peer pressure affecting gender and subject choice?
Paetcher
192
What is a criticism of peer pressure affecting subject choice?
Lack of control or choice and there has now been a shift in traditional gender domains (postmodernists)
193
How do gendered career opportunities affect subject choice?
Employment is gendered and says what jobs are acceptable and vocational courses are more gender specific
194
What is a criticism of gendered career opportunities?
Class also plays a great role as WC have WC employment opportunities which a low status and low paid
195
What is identity?
Sense of who you are made up of a range of influences
196
What is habitus?
Way of life or social class
197
What is symbolic capital?
Being wealthy in terms of status
198
What are 'nike identities'?
WC invest in brands to create a WC identity
199
What is symbolic violence?
Where the behaviour of habitus or others is devalued as inferior
200
What is social suicide?
Where not conforming to style standards leads to negative responses from peers
201
What is self exclusion?
Taking yourself out of a situation
202
What is policing identity/shaming?
Where there pupils label and exclude people for not conforming to expectations
203
How does symbolic capital affect class identities?
Pupils socialised at home into MC tastes gain symbolic capital so are seen to have worth in the education system whereas WC are seen as worthless which keeps the lower class in their place
204
How do nike identities affect class identities?
WC invest in styles heavily policed by peer groups and MC see these styles as tasteless and make the WC reject higher education
205
What does Ingram say about class identities?
WC identities gave them a sense of belonging through friends and family but there was some pressure to fit in
206
How does self exclusion affect class identities?
WC now go to university but experience a clash between the habitus of higher education and can become a barrier to success
207
What does Evans study say about self exclusion?
WC girls were reluctant to apply to elite universities as they didn't fit in
208
How do male peer groups affect gender identity?
Verbal abuse from males reinforce masculinity (Willis) and macho lads
209
What is a criticism of male peer groups affecting gender identity?
Generational change and the 'new man' concept now exists
210
How does Haywood say about teachers and discipline affect gender identity?
Male teachers told boys off for acting like girls and teased when received lower marks than female students
211
How does Francis say about teachers and discipline affect gender identity?
Girls are expected to be quiet and if they don't conform to this they will be punished more heavily but when boys are like this it is seen as 'boys will be boys'
212
What is a criticism of teachers and discipline affecting gender identities?
There has been an increase in girls who act in a crude manor
Eg. smoking and drinking
213
How does the male gaze affect gender identities?
Seeing women as sexual objects and it is form of surveillance where dominant masculinity is reinforced so boys are not seen as gay
214
What is a criticism of the male gaze?
Policies in school tackle sexism and discrimination
215
How do double standards affect gender identities?
Boys boast about sexual adventures but girls are seen as 'slags' and men are given status by peers
216
What are double standards?
When we apply one set of moral standards to one group but a different set to another
217
What is hegemonic masculinity?
The dominance of heterosexual masculine identity and the subordination of female identities
218
What is a criticism of double standards affecting gender identities?
Feminists see this as a form of patriarchal ideology and a form of social control that reinforces gender inequality
219
How does verbal abuse affect gender identities?
Boys dominate classroom discussion and belittle the contribution of girls and calls boys girly or gay for being friendly with girls or male teachers which reinforces heterosexual masculinity
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What is a criticism of verbal abuse affecting gender identities?
Subjects taught in schools such as PSHE promote equality and respect amongst children
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Who is the theorist for verbal abuse affecting gender identities?
Francis
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Who is the theorist for policing identity affecting gender identities?
Archer
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How does policing identity affect gender identities?
Girls are called tramps if they don't conform to a traditional feminine identity
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What does Currie et al say about policing identities affecting gender identities?
Girls have to balance competing demands being loyal to the female subculture and competing for boys in the dating culture where there is a risk of slut shaming and those who don't compete are seen as frigid
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How do successful WC girls affect gender identities?
Some WC girls succeed in higher education which make girls motivated to also do that
