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LC Unit 3 > Theories of Development > Flashcards

Theories of Development Flashcards

1
Q

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development

A 
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
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2
Q

Oral stage of development - Freud

A

Birth - 2 years

Sensuality seeking through oral exploration

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3
Q

Anal stage of development - Freud

A

2 - 3 years

Parental control over toileting
Display of “anal” traits - compulsivity, neatness, stubbornness

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4
Q

Phallic phase of development - Freud

A

3 - 6 years

Oedipal complex - sexual wishes directed at the parent of the opposite sex; conflict between the wish for and fear of the parent causes anxiety

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5
Q

Latency stage of development - Freud

A

5 years - puberty

Temporary repression of sexual instincts and anxieties

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6
Q

Genital stage of development - Freud

A

Puberty through adulthood

Transformation of previously repressed sexual impulses to acceptable fulfilment of desires

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7
Q

Repression

A

Hiding away wishes in the unconscious

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8
Q

Displacement

A

Wishes / impulses that are hidden in one area appear in another

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9
Q

Sublimination

A

Using energy from unfulfilled wishes / desires in a constructive way

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10
Q

Denial

A

Failure to acknowledge a truth which produces anxiety

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11
Q

Rationalization

A

Actions based on one motive justified by a more acceptable motive

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12
Q

Reaction formation

A

Displaying a trait that is the opposite of a repressed one

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13
Q

Projection

A

Attributing your own unacceptable impulses to another

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14
Q

Regression

A

Reverting to behaviors seen in earlier stages of development to obtain care/resources which alleviate anxiety

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15
Q

Id

A

Unconscious

Represents ideas and memories outside of an individual’s conscious awareness including primitive drives and forbidden desires

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16
Q

Ego

A

Pre-conscious / conscious

Drives channeled through self-control, education, and mental activities which allows an individual to satisfy desires in a socially acceptable way

Operates on skills / lessons that have been reinforced repeatedly such that the functioning appears almost automatic

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17
Q

Superego

A

Governs social behavior and morality by controlling the ego

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18
Q

Jean Piaget’s Basic Idea

A

The mind changes through interactions with the environment in order to yield more complex thinking above and beyond just the accumulation of experiences

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19
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

Exploration of painful memories through a careful examination of chains of association, in order to understand their hidden meaning and achieve curative insight

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20
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Development

A

Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete operations
Formal operations

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21
Q

Sensorimotor stage of development - Piaget

A

Birth - 2 years

Dependent on exploration of perceptual stimuli through sensory modalities

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22
Q

Pre-operational stage of development - Piaget

A

2 - 7 years

Language development and development of symbolic capciity
Limited attention span / memory
Egocentrism

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23
Q

Concrete operations stage of development - Piaget

A

7 - 12 years

Increased ability to engage in perspective-taking, logical diaglogue, and complex causal sequences

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24
Q

Formal operations stage of development - Piaget

A

Increased capacity for abstract reasoning and hypothetical evaluation of problems and solutions

Emergence of metacognition allows understanding of diverse perspectives

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25
Q

Assimilation (Piaget)

A

Integration of new experiences with past experiences; problem-solving based on past experiences

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26
Q

Accommodation (Piaget)

A

Reorganization of mind based on discordance between new and past experiences in order to understand new experience

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27
Q

Decalage (Piaget)

A

Unevenness in developmental progress across different cognitive abilities

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28
Q

John Bowlby - Basic idea

A

“Attachment theory” - babies are evolutionarily programmed to form relationships with primary caregivers

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29
Q

Secure base (Bowlby)

A

Relationship with a person who provides comfort and safety necessary to enable the infant/young child to explore the environment

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30
Q

Attachment (Bowlby): 2 - 7 months

A

Discrimination / Limited Preference - may seem more comfortable with primary caregiver but social with everyone and preferences not strongly expressed

31
Q

Attachment (Bowlby): 7 - 12 months

A

Preferred attachment becomes evident with development of stranger / separation anxiety, development of a hierarchy of preferred caregivers

32
Q

Attachment (Bowlby): 12 - 20 months

A

Use of attachment figure as a “secure base” / “safe haven”

Proximity to caregiver promotes an internal feelin gof security in the infant

33
Q

Attachment Styles (Bowlby)

A

Secure
Avoidant
Resistant
Disorganized / Disoriented

34
Q

Secure infants (Bowlby)

A

Seek proximity, contact, and interaction with caregiver; demonstrate distress at separation and are happy to see caregiver upon return

35
Q

Avoidant infants (Bowlby)

A

Avoid proximity to caregivers at reunion; treat mother same as stranger

36
Q

Resistant infants (Bowlby)

A

Seek proximity then reject it; demonstrate anger toward caregiver and stranger

37
Q

Disorganized / disoriented infant (Bowlby)

A

No coherent strategy; strange behaviors

38
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg - Basic idea

A

Moral judgement develops in distinct stages

39
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

A 
Naive moral realism
Pragmatic morality
Socially-shared perspectives 
Social system morality
Human rights and social welfare morality
Universal ethical principles
40
Q

Urie Bronfenbrenner - Basic idea

A

Human ecology theory: development involves interaction between individual and environment

41
Q

Microsystem (Bronfenbrenner)

A

An individual’s immediate social context - i.e. family, classroom

42
Q

Mesosystem (Bronfenbrenner)

A

Two microsystems in interaction

43
Q

Exosystem (Bronfenbrenner)

A

The external environment that directly influences development - i.e. a parent’s workplace, neighbors, social welfare services, etc.

44
Q

Macrosystem (Bronfenbrenner)

A

Broader social context - attitudes and ideologies

45
Q

Chronosystem (Bronfenbrenner)

A

Evolution of external systems over time

46
Q

Erikson’s stages of conflict

A

Trust vs. mistrust (infancy)
Autonomy vs. shame (toddlerhood)
Initiative vs. guilt (pre-school)
Industry vs. inferiority (school age)
Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence)
Intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood)
Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood)
Ego integrity vs. despair (late adulthood)

47
Q

When do babies crawl?

A

8 - 10 months

48
Q

When do babies stand?

A

10 - 12 months

49
Q

When do babies walk?

A

12 - 13 months

50
Q

When do babies speak their first words?

A

9 - 12 months

51
Q

When can children speak 2-3 word sentences?

A

24 months

52
Q

When does toilet training occur?

A

24 - 36 months

53
Q

Definition of premature infant

A

Delivery < 37 weeks gestation

54
Q

Definition of low birth weight infant

A

< 2,500 grams (5.5 lbs)

55
Q

Infant (6 - 12 months) developmental stages

A

Sensorimotor (Piaget)

Oral (Freud)

Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

56
Q

Toddler (12 - 36 months) developmental stages

A

Anal (Freud)

Autonomy vs. Shame / Doubt (Erikson)

57
Q

Early childhood ( 3 - 6 years) developmental stages

A

Pre-operational thinking (Piaget)

Phallic (Freud)

Initiative vs. Guilt ( Erikson)

58
Q

Childhood (6 - 12 years) Developmental Stages

A 
Concrete operations (Piaget) 
Latency (Freud) 
Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)
59
Q

Adolescence - Developmental Stages

A

Formal operations (Piaget)
Genital (Freud)
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)

60
Q

Naive Moral Realism (Kohlberg)

A

Actions based on rules; motivation is to avoid punishment

61
Q

Pragmatic morality (Kohlberg)

A

Actions based on desire to maximize reward/benfit and minimize negative consequences for self

62
Q

Socially-shared perspectives (Kohlberg)

A

Actions based on beliefs about approval / disapproval of others, and feelings of guilt

63
Q

Social system morality

A

Actions based on formal dishonor and guilt about harm done to others

64
Q

Human rights and social welfare morality (Kohlberg)

A

Actions based on maintaining respect for self and community

65
Q

Universal ethical principles (Kohlberg)

A

Actions determined by ideas of equity, fairness, and concern about maintaining personal moral principles

66
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

A

Infancy

Conflict resolves via relationship with loving, responsive parents

67
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame (Erikson)

A

Early childhood / toddlerhood

Conflict resolved through opportunities to exercise free choice and self-control with appropriate supervision

68
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)

A

Pre-school

Resolution of conflict leads to feelings of purpose and control

69
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)

A

School age

Resolution leads to feelings of competency

70
Q

Identity vs. Role confusion (Erikson)

A

Adolescence

Resolution leads to an integrated sense of self

71
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early adulthood)

A

Early adulthood

Resolution enables feelings of love toward others

72
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson)

A

Middle adulthood

Marked by caring for others and productivity in society

73
Q

Ego integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)

A

Late adulthood

Marked by integrity of selfhood that withstands physical deterioration

LC Unit 3 (9 decks)

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