Theories of Development

Question 1

Five major issues

Answer 1

• Human nature: bad or good?
• Nature v nurture
• Active vs passive
• Continuity vs discontinuity
• Universality vs context specificity

Question 2

Psychoanalytic theory psychologist

Answer 2

Freud

Question 3

3 aspects of personality in psychoanalytic theory

Answer 3

Id
Ego
Superego

Question 4

Reality principle

Answer 4

Ego

Question 5

Morality principle

Answer 5

Superego

Question 6

Pleasure principle

Answer 6

Id

Question 7

Freud stages and associated ages

Answer 7

• Oral (0-1 y/o)
• Anal (1-3 y/o)
• Phallic (3-6 y/o)
• Latent (6-12 y/o)
• Genital (12+ y/o)

Question 8

Defense mechanisms a component of which theory

Answer 8

Psychoanalytic

Question 9

Freud’s view on issues

Answer 9

• Negative
• Nature > nurture
• Passive > active
• Discontinuous
• Universal

Question 10

Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory psychologist

Answer 10

Erik Erikson

Question 11

Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory vs Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 11

More influence on social factors
Less influence on sex
Series of conflicts

Question 12

Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory conflicts and associated ages

Answer 12

• Trust vs mistrust (0-1 y/o)
• Autonomy vs shame/doubt (1-2 y/o)
• Initiative vs guilt (2-6 y/o)
• Industry vs inferiority (6-12 y/o)
• Identity vs role confusion (12-18 y/o)
• Intimacy vs isolation (19-40 y/o)
• Generativity vs stagnation (40-65 y/o)
• Integrity vs despair (65 y/o - death)

Question 13

Erikson’s view on issues

Answer 13

• Positive
• Nature and nurture equally important
• Active > passive
• Discontinuous
• Universal

Question 14

Watson’s beliefs

Answer 14

Emphasis on learning, behaviorism

Belief in classical conditioning

Question 15

Skinner’s beliefs

Answer 15

Operant conditioning
Positive/negative reinforcement
Positive/negative punishment

Question 16

Theory of psychology for Watson and Skinner

Answer 16

Classical Learning

Question 17

Classical Learning’s view on issues

Answer 17

• Neutral
• Nurture > nature
• Passive > active
• Continuous
• Context-specific

Question 18

Social Learning Theory psychologist

Answer 18

Bandura

Question 19

Social Learning Theory belief

Answer 19

Reciprocal determinism: person influences environment and environment influences person

Question 20

Bandura’s view on issues

Answer 20

• Neutral
• Nurture > nature
• Active > passive
• Continuous
• Context-specific

Question 21

Cognitive Developmental Theory psychologist

Answer 21

Piaget

Question 22

Cognitive Developmental Theory believes development is an interaction between what

Answer 22

Maturation and experience

Question 23

Stages of Cognitive Development and associated ages

Answer 23

• Sensorimotor (0-2 y/o)
• Peroperational (2-7 y/o)
• Concrete Operational (7-11 y/o)
• Formal Operational (11+ y/o)

Question 24

Piaget’s view on issues

Answer 24

• Positive > negative
• Nature = nurture
• Active > passive
• Discontinuous
• Universal

Question 25

Levels of bioecological systems

Answer 25

Microsystem -> Mesosystem -> Exosystem -> Macrosystem -> Chronosystem

Question 26

Epigenetic Psychobiological psychologist

Answer 26

Gottlieb

Question 27

Bioecological system psychologist

Answer 27

Bronfenbrenner

Question 28

Bronfenbrenner’s view on issues

Answer 28

• Neutral
• Nature = nurture
• Passive > active
• Continuous
• Context-specific