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PSGY1006 - Developmental > Theories of Development > Flashcards

Theories of Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Explaining nature and processes involved in human development from infancy to adulthood

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2
Q

What is continuous development?

A

Children = mini adults as they are same mentally with the same underlying mechanisms

Children not qualitatively different from adults, just have less knowledge

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3
Q

What is in stages development?

A

Development from childhood to adulthood through succession of stages

Children and adults are qualitatively different in psychological terms

Stages require transformation

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4
Q

What does the nature side of the debate believe?

A

Development is product of genetic inheritance

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5
Q

What does the nurture side of the debate believe?

A

Development is a product of environment and experience

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6
Q

Who is the main psychologist in behaviourism?

A

BF Skinner

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7
Q

What does behaviourism believe?

A

Psychological phenomena explained by only focusing on behaviour and environment where is occurs

Same principles apply to babies as adults and animals

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8
Q

What are the key features of behaviourism?

A

Radical empiricism

“Black box”

Denial of nativism

Irrelevance of cognitive processes

Successive approximations

Value of comparative psychology

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9
Q

What is radical empiricism?

A

Only concerned with what we directly observe with our senses

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10
Q

What does “black box” mean?

A

Brain like black box

Can manipulate, determine and test what’s going in and coming out but not what’s going inside

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11
Q

How does behaviourism believe behaviour is shaped?

A

Through reinforcement (positive and negative)

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12
Q

What are successive approximations?

A

Keep reinforcing to complete behaviour

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13
Q

What does behaviourism believe development is a product of?

A

Shaping through successive approximation

Stepwise process to get final outcome

Heavily reliant on process of reinforcement

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14
Q

Is behaviourism on the nature or nurture side of the debate?

A

Nurture

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15
Q

Does behaviourism believe development is continuous or in stages?

A

Continuous

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16
Q

Who is the main psychologist in nativism?

A

Noam Chomsky

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17
Q

What does nativism believe?

A

Genetically determined behaviour

Same mechanisms underlie both child and adult behaviour

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18
Q

What are the key features of nativism?

A

Innate knowledge of language

Innate faculties and modules

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19
Q

What does an innate knowledge of language mean?

A

Deep structure = innate grammatical structuring of language that is universal among humans and unique to humans as species

We translate to and from deep structure

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20
Q

Is nativism on the nature or nurture side of the debate?

A

Nature

21
Q

Does nativism believe development is continuous or in stages?

A

Continuous

22
Q

Who is the main psychologist in the evolution and ethology theory?

A

Konrad Lorenz

23
Q

What are the key features of the evolution and ethology theory?

A

Imprinting

Biological preparedness

Maturational unfolding and stages

24
Q

What is imprinting?

A

Process of attachment a baby forms with first thing they encounter at birth

Critical period = 10-30 hours

25
Q

What is biological preparedness?

A

A genetically determined readiness to learn specific skills (walking)

26
Q

What is maturational unfolding and stages?

A

A genetically determined developmental progression

Logical, step by step progression involing transformation

27
Q

Who are the main psychologists in the evolution and attachment theory?

A

Bowlby

Ainsworth

28
Q

What does the evolution and attachment theory?

A

Attachment is natural process under maturational control

Disruption of process can have detrimental consequences

Separation distress (from 8-9 months of age) is evidence of attachment

Long-term separation may lead to developmental delays physically, intellectually and emotionally

29
Q

Who is the main psychologist in constructivism?

A

Piaget

30
Q

What does constructivism believe?

A

Knowledge actively generated by individual rather than transmitted by another person through one’s genes

31
Q

Is constructivism on the nature or nurture side of the debate?

A

Nature AND nurture

32
Q

Does constructivism believe development is continuous or in stages?

A

In stages

33
Q

What are the key features of constructivism?

A

Development not evolution but revolution - need to shed previous cognitive limitations for progression

Egocentrism

34
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

Difficulty taking on board another person’s perspective

Need to adjust to human (social, psychologist) and physical environments to survive but egocentrism prevents this

35
Q

What are the four stages of development in constructivism?

A

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete operational

Formal operational

36
Q

When is the sensorimotor stage?

A

0-2 years

Infancy

37
Q

What happens in the sensorimotor stage?

A

Failure to differentiate between self and surroundings

Only perceives world through own actions

Lack of mental imagery

Solipsism

Don’t have object permanence

Perception subordinate to action

38
Q

What is mental imagery?

A

Ability to imagine the existence of things even when they are not directly accessible to senses

39
Q

What is solipsism?

A

Failure to distinguish between self and the rest of the universe

40
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Understanding that things continue to exist even when we can’t sense them directly

41
Q

When is the preoperational stage?

A

2-7 years

Early childhood

42
Q

What happens in the preoperational stage?

A

Mental imagery without principled thought

Able to imagine things

Emergence of pretend play

43
Q

When is the concrete operational stage?

A

7-12 years

Middle childhood

44
Q

What happens in the concrete operational stage?

A

Principled thought confined to real-life problems

45
Q

When is the formal operational stage?

A

12 years onwards

Adolescence and adulthood

46
Q

What happens in the formal operational stage?

A

Principled thought applied to abstract problems

47
Q

What theories are related to the language aspect of development?

A

Behaviourism vs nativism

48
Q

What theories are related to the intellect aspect of development?

A

Constructivism and stages

49
Q

What theories are related to the emotional development/attachment aspect of development?

A

Maturation, evolution and ethology

PSGY1006 - Developmental (8 decks)

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